Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

Plasma volume conservation in pigeons: effects of air temperature during dehydration

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. R1449-R1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Carmi ◽  
B. Pinshow ◽  
M. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Total Body

We assessed the effects of the ambient air temperature prevailing during dehydration, which included complete water and food deprivation, on plasma volume (PV) conservation in pigeons (Columba livia) exposed to air temperatures of 25 degrees C (n = 7), 36 degrees C (n = 12), and 40 degrees C (n = 24). The pigeons were dehydrated for 65.4, 32.3, and 27.7 h, on average, at 25, 36, and 40 degrees C, respectively. Dehydration rates averaged 5, 10, and 15.2% of initial total body water (TBW) per day at the three air temperatures, in ascending order. Birds exposed to 25 and 36 degrees C maintained PV despite the fact that they lost, on average, 14 and 17.3% of their TBW, respectively. In contrast, PV in pigeons exposed to 40 degrees C decreased by 8.9%, even though the reduction in TBW (17.7%) was similar to that incurred at 36 degrees C. Mean plasma osmolalities reached 347.7, 345.6, and 374.8 mosmol/kgH2O at 25, 36, and 40 degrees C, respectively. No significant changes occurred in hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin concentrations (Hb) during dehydration at 25 and 36 degrees C. However, at 40 degrees C Hb increased by 8.2% with no change in Hct, indicating a decrease in red blood cell volume (RBCV). The results of this study suggest that maintenance of PV and RBCV is affected not only by the dehydration level attained but also by the ambient conditions under which dehydration is induced and the rate at which dehydration takes place.

Growth rate, total body water volume, dry-matter intake and water consumption of domesticated ostriches (Struthio camelus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Degen ◽  
M. Kam ◽  
A. Rosenstrauch ◽  
I. Plavnik
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTGrowth rate, total body water volume (TBW), dry-matter intake (DMI) and water consumption were determined in ostriches from hatching to 350 days at which time they weighed approximately 100 kg. A Gompertz equation was used to describe the sigmoidal growth curve; mature body mass (Mmb) wascalculated as 104·1 kg from this equation. Highest average daily gain (ADG) was 455 g/day which occurred between 70 days and 98 days. Time to reach 0·5 Mmb and to grow from 0·25 to 0·75 Mmb per Mmb025 were 46·8 days and 39·7 days, respectively. Maintenance energy requirements were 1·07 MJ/kg063per day and energy requirements for kg mb increase were 0·260 MJ/kg109: thes e values were derived from a non-linear regression model. TBW as a fraction of mb declined from 0·84 in 35-day-old chicks to 0·57 in 322-day-old birds, indicating a concomitant increase in the fraction of body lipid content. Mass specific DMI decreased from 0·061 g/g mb in chicks to 0·020 g/g mb in 322 to 350 day old birds, while mass specific water influx decreased from 0·21 ml/g mb to 0·046 ml/g mb during this time. The ratio of DMI to ADG increased steadily from 1·07 to 17·1; the ratio of water consumption to DMI remained relatively constant at approximately 2·3.

Foraging efficiency: energy expenditure versus energy gain in free-ranging black-tailed deer

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley ◽  
Charles T. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Free Ranging

Foraging efficiency (metabolizable energy intake/energy expenditure when foraging) was determined over a 2-year period in nine free-ranging Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Alaska, and related to foraging-bout duration, distances travelled, and average speeds of travel. We calculated the energy-intake component from seasonal dry matter and energy content, dry matter digestibility, and a metabolizable energy coefficient for each plant species ingested. We estimated energy expenditures when foraging as the sum of energy costs of standing, horizontal and vertical locomotion, sinking depths in snow, and supplementary expenditures associated with temperatures outside thermoneutrality. Energy intake per minute averaged 4.0 times more in summer than winter; energy expenditure was 1.2 times greater in summer. Animals obtained higher amounts of metabolizable energy with higher amounts of energy invested. Energy intake during foraging bouts in summer was 2.5 times the energy invested; in contrast, energy intake during winter was only 0.7 times the energy expended. Changes in body mass of deer throughout the year increased asymptotically with foraging efficiency, driven primarily by the rate of metabolizable energy intake. Within a season, summer intake rates and winter rates of energy expediture had the greatest effects on the relation between foraging efficiency and mass status. Seasonal changes in foraging efficiency result in seasonal cycles in body mass and condition in black-tailed deer. Body reserves accumulated during summer, however, are essential for over-winter survival of north-temperate ungulates because energy demands cannot be met by foraging alone.

A preliminary report on the energy intake and growth rate of early-weaned camel (Camelus dromedarius) calves

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Degen ◽  
E. Elias ◽  
M. Kam
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTDromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) inhabit and are well suited to semi-arid and arid areas of north Africa, south-east Asia and India. Little attention has been given to their husbandry although they are an important livestock species in some areas. One of the limiting factors in camel production is the 2- to 3-year interval between calvings. In this study, three female calves (birth weight 32·5 kg) were weaned onto artificial milk 30 days after birth and the she-camels (400 to 500 kg) were mated 10 to 14 days later. Between 30 and 120 days of age the calves received mainly artificial milk and between days 120 and 180 they received concentrates and lucerne hay. While the calves sucked milk, intake averaged 6·9 l/day, metabolizable energy intake (MEI) averaged 19·5 MJ/day and average daily gain (ADG) was 0·87 kg. Ratios of conversion of milk intake (l/day) and MEI (MJ/day) to body-mass gain (kg/day) were 8·0: 1 and 22·4: 1, respectively, and to total body solids gain (kg/day) were 22·3: 1 and 62·7: 1, respectively. From days 30 to 120, ADG was 0·67 kg, and from days 120 to 180 ADG was 0·61 kg. The calves averaged 155 kg at 180 days and ADG to that age was 0·68 kg. All three she-camels conceived 10 to 14 days post weaning.This study demonstrated that camel calves can be weaned early and that high growth rates can be achieved. In addition, she-camels can be mated shortly after parturition so that calving intervals can be reduced to 15 months.

scholarly journals Growth Rate and Energetics of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) Nestlings

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Anava ◽  
Michael Kam ◽  
Amiram Shkolnik ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate Constant ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Abstract Arabian Babblers (Turdoides squamiceps) are territorial, cooperative breeding passerines that inhabit extreme deserts and live in groups all year round. All members of the group feed nestlings in a single nest, and all group members provision at similar rates. Nestlings are altricial and fledge at about 12 to 14 days, which is short for a passerine of its body mass. Because parents and helpers feed nestlings, we hypothesized that the growth rate of nestlings is fast and that they fledge at a body mass similar to other passerine fledglings. Using a logistic growth curve, the growth rate constant (k) of nestlings was 0.450, which was 18% higher than that predicted for a passerine of its body mass. Asymptotic body mass of fledglings was 46 g, which was only 63% of adult body mass, a low percentage compared to other passerines. Energy intake retained as energy accumulated in tissue decreased with age in babbler nestlings and amounted to 0.29 of the total metabolizable energy intake over the nestling period. However, energy content per gram of body mass increased with age and averaged 4.48 kJ/g body mass. We concluded that our hypothesis was partially confirmed. Growth rate of babbler nestlings was relatively fast compared to other passerine species, but fledgling mass was relatively low.

scholarly journals Requirements for maintenance and live weight gain of moose and wapiti calves during winter

Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand Cool ◽  
Robert J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Energy requirements of moose (Alces alces) and wapiti (Cervus elaphus) calves were compared from December to February to determine whether metabolic requirements were lower in a boreal-adapted than in a parkland-adapted wild cervid. Eight calves of each species were divided equally into groups given high or low quality diets. Regression of metabolizable energy intake on liveweight gain provided estimates for maintenance and gain, Metabolizable energy requirements for liveweight maintenance were 560 kj/kg0.75.d and for gain were 27 kj/g. Neither value was significantly different between moose and wapiti nor between genders within species. This similariry in winter metabolism and consistency with the interspecies mean suggests that winter metabolic dormancy is not necessarily an important part of a seasonal energetic strategy. The main difference was that moose calves maintained appetite and continued to grow throughout the winter.

The utilization by lambs of the energy and protein in dried pelleted grass treated with formaldehyde

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTA primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (cv. S24), containing 17% crude protein and 9·9 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter, was artificially dried, ground through a 3·0 mm screen and pelleted either without further treatment (C), or after the application of formaldehyde (T) at a rate of 1 g/100 g crude protein. The C and T diets were each fed to 20 lambs for 77 days. Diets C and T were given ad libitum and at three lower planes of nutrition. Similar amounts of dry matter, nitrogen and digestible energy were consumed at each of the four planes of nutrition by lambs fed diets C and T. Carcass energy, fat and protein retention, and total body energy retention were measured by the comparative slaughter technique and did not differ between the diets (P> 0·05). Metabolizable energy intake was calculated from digestible energy intake using the factor 0·81. The efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy for growth and fattening (kf) and the net energy value were calculated by linear regression analysis from the total body energy retention, the calculated metabolizable energy intake and dry-matter intake data scaled to M0·75. They did not differ between the diets (P > 0·05), and were 0·370 (C) and 0·431 (T) for kf, and 2·09 (C) and 1·97 MJ/kg dry matter (T) for net energy.

Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult cats

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thes ◽  
N. Koeber ◽  
J. Fritz ◽  
F. Wendel ◽  
B. Dobenecker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Adult Cats

scholarly journals Rapid Weight Loss and the Body Fluid Balance and Hemoglobin Mass of Elite Amateur Boxers

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Reljic ◽  
Eike Hässler ◽  
Joachim Jost ◽  
Birgit Friedmann-Bette
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Real Life Setting ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass

Context Dehydration is assumed to be a major adverse effect associated with rapid loss of body mass for competing in a lower weight class in combat sports. However, the effects of such weight cutting on body fluid balance in a real-life setting are unknown. Objective To examine the effects of 5% or greater loss of body mass within a few days before competition on body water, blood volume, and plasma volume in elite amateur boxers. Design Case-control study. Setting Sports medicine laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Seventeen male boxers (age = 19.2 ± 2.9 years, height = 175.1 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 65.6 ± 9.2 kg) were assigned to the weight-loss group (WLG; n = 10) or the control group (CON; n = 7). Intervention(s) The WLG reduced body mass by restricting fluid and food and inducing excessive sweat loss by adhering to individual methods. The CON participated in their usual precompetition training. Main Outcome Measure(s) During an ordinary training period (t-1), 2 days before competition (t-2), and 1 week after competition (t-3), we performed bioelectrical impedance measurements; calculated total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water; and estimated total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass), blood volume, and plasma volume by the CO-rebreathing method. Results In the WLG, the loss of body mass (5.6% ± 1.7%) led to decreases in total body water (6.0% ± 0.9%), extracellular water (12.4% ± 7.6%), tHbmass (5.3% ± 3.8%), blood volume (7.6% ± 2.1%; P < .001), and plasma volume (8.6% ± 3.9%). The intracellular water did not change (P > .05). At t-3, total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume had returned to near baseline values, but tHbmass and blood volume still were less than baseline values (P < .05). In CON, we found no changes (P > .05). Conclusions In a real-life setting, the loss of approximately 6% body mass within 5 days induced hypohydration, which became evident by the decreases in body water and plasma volume. The reduction in tHbmass was a surprising observation that needs further investigation.

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