Nonidet p-40, a novel inducer, activates cucumber disease resistance against cucumber anthracnose disease

SUMMARYThe present study found that a protein lysis buffer, used for the extraction of proteins from cells, showed efficacy in reducing the disease severity of cucumber anthracnose, which is caused by the anthracnose fungus. The lysis buffer and its individual components were examined for their function in reducing disease development of cucumber anthracnose on cucumber plants. Nonidet P-40, a nonionic detergent commonly used to isolate cell membrane complexes, was the most effective component of the lysis buffer for disease control. The treatment of cucumber plants with Nonidet P-40 at a concentration of 50 μl/l suppressed development of cucumber anthracnose, but it did not inhibit spore germination of the fungus. Cucumber plants were inoculated with the pathogen 30 min after treatment with Nonidet P-40, and a reduction in disease severity was observed. Expression of genes related to disease resistance (acidic class III chitinase, phenylalanine ammonialyase 1, peroxidase and pathogenesis-related protein 1-1a) were also examined after plants were treated with Nonidet P-40 and inoculated with the pathogen. The results indicate that Nonidet P-40 functions as a trigger for a stereotypic defence response in cucumber plants, including an increase in the expression levels of genes related to disease resistance.

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Benefits of tafamidis in patients with advanced transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C Rapezzi ◽

A.V Kristen ◽

B Gundapaneni ◽

M.B Sultan ◽

M Hanna

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Nyha Class ◽

Funding Source ◽

Class Iii ◽

Private Company ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

6Mwt Distance ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background In the Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial (ATTR-ACT), tafamidis was shown to be an effective treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Further assessment of the efficacy of tafamidis in patients with more advanced ATTR-CM would aid treatment decisions. Purpose To characterize the benefits of tafamidis in patients with advanced ATTR-CM. Methods In ATTR-ACT, ATTR-CM patients were randomized to tafamidis (n=264) or placebo (n=177) for 30 months. Efficacy outcomes included all-cause mortality and frequency of cardiovascular (CV)-related hospitalisations. Key secondary endpoints were change from baseline to Month 30 in 6MWT distance and KCCQ-OS score. Efficacy assessments in NYHA Class III patients at baseline (n=141) were a pre-specified analysis. In a post-hoc analysis, mortality and CV-related hospitalizations were assessed in all patients grouped into quartiles of increasing disease severity based on 6MWT distance at baseline. Longer-term all-cause mortality (as of 1 Aug 2019) was assessed in NYHA Class III patients utilizing data from ATTR-ACT patients who enrolled in a long-term, extension study (LTE) and continued treatment with higher dose tafamidis (n=55; median treatment duration 51.6 months); or, if previously treated with placebo, started tafamidis treatment (placebo/tafamidis; n=63 [50.1 months]). Results In advanced ATTR-CM patients (NYHA Class III), tafamidis reduced the risk of death (HR [95% CI] 0.837, [0.541, 1.295], P=0.4253), and the decline in 6MWT distance (LS mean [SE], 31.6 (22.1) m; P=0.1526) and KCCQ-OS score (LS mean [SE], 13.1 (5.0); P=0.0090), vs placebo. Paradoxically, there was a higher frequency of CV-related hospitalizations with tafamidis (RR [95% CI] vs placebo, 1.411 [1.048, 1.900]). In all patients by 6MWT quartile, CV-related hospitalizations/year with tafamidis and placebo increased with disease severity, with the exception that placebo-treated patients in the highest severity quartile had fewer CV-related hospitalisations (0.73) than those in the third quartile (0.92). Mortality with tafamidis and placebo increased, and was greater with placebo, in every quartile (Figure). Survival (NYHA Class III patients in ATTR-ACT and LTE) was improved with high dose tafamidis with longer term follow-up (HR vs placebo/tafamidis [95% CI], 0.6569 [0.4175, 1.0336]; P=0.0692). Conclusions These analyses, including longer-term follow-up, demonstrate that patients with advanced ATTR-CM benefit from tafamidis. The decrease in CV-related hospitalisations in more severe patients treated with placebo suggests that the comparatively greater hospitalisation frequency in NYHA Class III patients treated with tafamidis is a consequence of their lower mortality rate. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): This study was sponsored by Pfizer

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Zinc phosphate protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection ◽

10.1007/s41348-021-00444-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mara Quaglia ◽

Marika Bocchini ◽

Benedetta Orfei ◽

Roberto D’Amato ◽

Franco Famiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Zinc Phosphate ◽

Plant Defence ◽

In Planta ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽

Defence Responses ◽

Plant Defence Responses

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck disease severity through reduction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) growth in planta and induce morphological and biochemical plant defence responses. Tomato plants were treated with 10 ppm (25.90 µM) zinc phosphate and then spray inoculated with strain DAPP-PG 215, race 0 of Pst. Disease symptoms were recorded as chlorosis and/or necrosis per leaf (%) and as numbers of necrotic spots. Soil treatments with zinc phosphate protected susceptible tomato plants against Pst, with reductions in both disease severity and pathogen growth in planta. The reduction of Pst growth in planta combined with significantly higher zinc levels in zinc-phosphate-treated plants indicated direct antimicrobial toxicity of this microelement, as also confirmed by in vitro assays. Morphological (i.e. callose apposition) and biochemical (i.e., expression of salicylic-acid-dependent pathogenesis-related protein PR1b1 gene) defence responses were induced by the zinc phosphate treatment, as demonstrated by histochemical and qPCR analyses, respectively. In conclusion, soil treatments with zinc phosphate can protect tomato plants against Pst attacks through direct antimicrobial activity and induction of morphological and biochemical plant defence responses.

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Effects of Laccaria bicolor on Gene Expression of Populus trichocarpa Root under Poplar Canker Stress

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7121024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 1024

Author(s):

Fengxin Dong ◽

Yihan Wang ◽

Ming Tang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Plant Disease Resistance ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Populus Trichocarpa ◽

Gene Expression Pattern ◽

Oxygen Metabolism ◽

Resistance Response ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Plant Pathogen Interaction

Poplars can be harmed by poplar canker. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can improve the resistance of poplars to canker, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, an aseptic inoculation system of L. bicolor–P. trichocarpa–B. dothidea was constructed, and transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate regulation by L. bicolor of the expression of genes in the roots of P. trichocarpa during the onset of B. dothidea infection, and a total of 3022 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed on these DEGs, and 661 genes’ expressions were considered to be affected by inoculation with L. bicolor and B. dothidea. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that these 661 DEGs were involved in multiple pathways such as signal transduction, reactive oxygen metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. Inoculation with L. bicolor changed the gene expression pattern of the roots, evidencing its involvement in the disease resistance response of P. trichocarpa. This research reveals the mechanism of L. bicolor in inducing resistance to canker of P. trichocarpa at the molecular level and provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of mycorrhizal fungi to improve plant disease resistance.

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The Role of Chitinase Gene Expression in the Defense of Harvested Banana Against Anthracnose Disease

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.134.3.379 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 134 (3) ◽

pp. 379-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Bao-Cheng Ma ◽

Wan-Li Tang ◽

Li-Yan Ma ◽

Ling-Ling Li ◽

Lu-Bin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Pathogenic Fungus ◽

Calcium Ionophore ◽

Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Chitinase Gene ◽

Calcium Ionophore A23187 ◽

Ionophore A23187 ◽

Diphenylene Iodonium

The pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum musae infects developing green bananas (Musa spp. AAA group), but remains latent until the fruit ripens. The aim of this research was to determine whether the appearance of disease symptoms is regulated by chitinase gene expression following treatment of fruit with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and with physical (heat) and chemical (H2O2 and Ca2+-related) treatments. In bananas inoculated with C. musae, BTH and MeJA lowered disease severity and stimulated higher gene expression compared with the untreated controls during ripening. However, in naturally infected bananas, BTH and MeJA treatments slightly reduced transcription of the chitinase gene in green bananas, but they prolonged gene expression in ripe bananas and significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of H2O2 and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, down-regulated chitinase gene expression and compromised disease resistance compared with H2O2 alone. Heat treatment (HT) or the combination of HT followed by CaCl2 reduced disease, but only the latter significantly upregulated chitinase gene expression. The combination of HT and a calcium ionophore (A23187) resulted in different disease indicies and different levels of gene expression depending upon the order of application: HT followed by A23187 induced higher gene expression and lower disease. The results suggest that disease resistance of green bananas could be related to high and prolonged levels of chitinase gene expression, and chitinase could be involved in harvested banana's anthracnose resistance activated by different defense pathway signals, such as BTH, MeJA, H2O2, and Ca2+.

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Functional characterization of a defense-related class-III chitinase promoter from Lupinus albus, active in legume and monocot tissues

European Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10658-016-0970-2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 146 (4) ◽

pp. 923-936

Author(s):

Dean Oelofse ◽

Inge Gazendam ◽

Adri Veale ◽

Arnaud Djami-Tchatchou ◽

Dave Berger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lupinus Albus ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Chitinase

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A class III peroxidase PRX34 is a component of disease resistance in Arabidopsis

Journal of General Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10327-019-00863-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lei Zhao ◽

Le Thi Phuong ◽

Mai Thanh Luan ◽

Aprilia Nur Fitrianti ◽

Hidenori Matsui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Peroxidase

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Genetic analysis of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus disease resistance in wild relative of okra Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262119000078 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (04) ◽

pp. 346-351

Author(s):

SamanthiKumari Wasala ◽

Sumudu I. Senevirathne ◽

Jayantha Bandara Senanayake ◽

Anuradini Navoditha

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Severity Index ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Wild Relative ◽

Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus ◽

Progress Curve

AbstractWild relative of okra, Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn. was identified as a resistant germplasm for Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) which is the devastating disease for okra cultivation in Sri Lanka. The mode of resistance of OYVMV in A. angulosus was studied with the aim of tagging responsible genes for the disease resistance. Wide hybridization was performed between A. angulosus and highly virus susceptible A. esculentus variety, MI-7. Very poor seed setting was observed in F1 and F2 generations due to post zygotic abortion. Disease screening was carried out using F1 and F2:3 populations along with parents in the field under induced disease pressure. Disease severity index and area under disease progress curve were calculated to measure disease severity. Number of genes segregating for OYVMV disease resistance was calculated for the F2:3 generation. Modified Wright's formula was used to estimate the effective gene number and mode of inheritance by a quantitative method. A χ2 test was performed for qualitative analysis. Plants of A. angulosus were totally free of virus incidence while 100% disease incidence was observed in the variety MI-7. F2:3 population showed between and within progeny segregation for disease incidence. Results indicated that the disease susceptibility was dominant over resistance. χ2 analysis revealed that the segregation of disease severity was significantly fit to the gene model of 9:6:1 (χ2 = 0.1757 at P ≤ 0.05) suggesting the disease resistance in A. angulosus is governing by two recessive genes in an additive manner. Result was confirmed by the quantitative analysis.

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Local Induction of a Mycorrhiza-Specific Class III Chitinase Gene in Cortical Root Cells of Medicago truncatula Containing Developing or Mature Arbuscules

Plant Biology ◽

10.1055/s-2001-12902 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 194-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

A. Bonanomi ◽

A. Wiemken ◽

T. Boller ◽

P. Salzer

Keyword(s):

Medicago Truncatula ◽

Chitinase Gene ◽

Specific Class ◽

Class Iii ◽

Root Cells ◽

Class Iii Chitinase

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Differential Expression of Eight Chitinase Genes in Medicago truncatula Roots During Mycorrhiza Formation, Nodulation, and Pathogen Infection

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.7.763 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 763-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 123

Author(s):

Peter Salzer ◽

Athos Bonanomi ◽

Katinka Beyer ◽

Regina Vögeli-Lange ◽

Roger A. Aeschbacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽

Medicago Truncatula ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Chitinase Gene ◽

Class I ◽

Specific Class ◽

Class Iii ◽

Phytophthora Megasperma ◽

Class Iii Chitinase ◽

Chitinase Genes

Expression of eight different chitinase genes, representing members of five chitinase classes, was studied in Medicago truncatula roots during formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza with Glomus intraradices, nodulation with Rhizobium meliloti, and pathogen attack by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis, Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (compatible interactions with root rot symptoms), Ascochyta pisi (compatible, symptomless), and F. solani f. sp. pisi (incompatible, nonhost interaction). In the compatible plant-pathogen interactions, expression of class I, II, and IV chitinase genes was enhanced. The same genes were induced during nodulation. Transcripts of class I and II chitinase genes accumulated transiently during early stages of the interaction, and transcripts of the class IV chitinase gene accumulated in mature nodules. The pattern of chitinase gene expression in mycorrhizal roots was markedly different: Expression of class I, II, and IV chitinase genes was not enhanced, whereas expression of three class III chitinase genes, with almost no basal expression, was strongly induced. Two of these three (Mtchitinase III-2 and Mtchitinase III-3) were not induced at all in interactions with pathogens and rhizobia. Thus, the expression of two mycorrhiza-specific class III chitinase genes can be considered a hallmark for the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Medicago truncatula.

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