A diffusion model for the control of a dam

A previous paper [2] was concerned with the determination of optimal policies for restocking an inventory which is continuously depleted by a random process of demands. The purpose of the present paper is to develop a similar model for controlling the output of a dam whose random input depends on a homogeneous Wiener process. This reversal of the roles of input and output does not, by itself, change the character of the problem. But the consideration of set-up costs for ordering replacements, which leads to inventory policies of the (s, S) type, has no counterpart here. It is natural to regard the dam as a device for smoothing out random fluctuations in a flow of water and, under utility assumptions which reflect this attitude, it follows that the optimal output rate is a continuous function of the level of water in the reservoir. Our main object is to determine this function.

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Procedures and basic statistics to be used in magnitude control of equalisation reserves in Finland

Astin Bulletin ◽

10.1017/s0515036100008084 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 227-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Esa Hovinen

Keyword(s):

Computational Methods ◽

Maximum Amount ◽

Insurance Companies ◽

Poisson Function ◽

Set Up ◽

Random Fluctuations ◽

Work Done ◽

Work Up

This report aims at describing the procedures and statistics prepared for use in calculation of the limits of the equalisation reserves of Finnish insurance companies. The report is based on work done by a committee which the Federation of Finnish Insurance Companies set up in 1962. Its purpose was to collect and work up the necessary statistics and to develop computational methods to be used in practice for the computation of equalisation reserves. In one respect the work was initiated by the Supervisory Service, which prepared new and more precise regulations concerning the determination of limits of the above reserves.Because solvency problems of insurance companies have had great attention in recent years internationally, and the Finnish equalisation reserves are closely related to them, the theme may be sufficiently interesting to be presented once more setting out practical results. The solvency problem among other questions has been dealt with by Drs. Pesonen and Pentikäinen in former colloquia. This report can be considered as a continuation of Dr. Pesonen's paper “Magnitude Control of Technical Reserves in Finland” submitted to the Lucerne Colloquium and my paper “A Procedure to Compute Values of the Generalised Poisson Function” to the same colloquium.The principles and theoretical formulae to be used in computation of the limits for the equalisation reserves have already been stated in the papers of Drs. Pesonen and Pentikainen. Other technical reserves are not dealt with here.The equalisation reserve is roughly defined as that part of the technical reserves which exceeds the conventional premium reserve and the claims reserve and which secures the company's solvability against random fluctuations of claims and fluctuation of the basic probabilities of the claims. The equalisation reserve E must be greater than a minimum Emin from solvability reasons and, because of taxation, should not exceed a maximum amount Emax.

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Respirometry for determination of the influents SS-concentration

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0031 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 311-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Witteborg ◽

A. van der Last ◽

R. Hamming ◽

I. Hemmers

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Substrate Concentration ◽

Full Scale ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Respiration Rates ◽

On Line ◽

Large Measurement ◽

Set Up

A method is presented for determining influent readily biodegradable substrate concentration (SS). The method is based on three different respiration rates, which can be measured with a continuous respiration meter which is operated in a cyclic way. Within the respiration meter nitrification is inhibited through the addition of ATU. Simulations were used to develop the respirometry set-up and decide upon the experimental design. The method was tested as part of a large measurement programme executed at a full-scale plant. The proposed respirometry set-up has been shown to be suitable for a semi-on-line determination of an influent SS which is fully based on the IAWQ #1 vision of the activated sludge process. The YH and the KS play a major role in the principle, and should be measured directly from the process.

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Determination of trace concentrations of copper by FIA-FAAS after preconcentration on chelating sorbents

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19891785 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 1785-1794 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Vlastimil Kubáň ◽

Josef Komárek ◽

Zbyněk Zdráhal

Keyword(s):

Sampling Frequency ◽

Copper Determination ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Sample Injection ◽

Injection Flow ◽

Chelating Sorbents ◽

Set Up ◽

Trace Concentrations ◽

Better Than

A FIA-FAAS apparatus containing a six-channel sorption equipment with five 3 x 26 mm microcolumns packed with Spheron Oxin 1 000, Ostsorb Oxin and Ostsorb DTTA was set up. Combined with sorption from 0.002M acetate buffer at pH 4.2 and desorption with 2M-HCl, copper can be determined at concentrations up to 100, 150 and 200 μg l-1, respectively. For sample and eluent flow rates of 5.0 and 4.0 ml min-1, respectively, and a sample injection time of 5 min, the limit of copper determination is LQ = 0.3 μg l-1, repeatability sr is better than 2% and recovery is R = 100 ± 2%. The enrichment factor is on the order of 102 and is a linear function of time (volume) of sample injection up to 5 min and of the sample injection flow rate up to 11 ml min-1 for Spheron Oxin 1 000 and Ostsorb DTTA. For times of sorption of 60 and 300 s, the sampling frequency is 70 and 35 samples/h, respectively. The parameters of the FIA-FAAS determination (acetylene-air flame) are comparable to or better than those achieved by ETA AAS. The method was applied to the determination of traces of copper in high-purity water.

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Extra-Column Effects in Determination of Rate Parameters by the Chromatographic Method

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19960844 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 844-855 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Olga Šolcová ◽

Petr Schneider

Keyword(s):

Chromatographic Method ◽

Dynamic Method ◽

Axial Dispersion ◽

Transport Parameters ◽

Porous Particles ◽

Loop Detector ◽

Single Pellet ◽

Set Up ◽

Extra Column Effects

It was shown that the sampling loop, detector and connecting elements in the chromatographic set-up for determination of transport parameters by the dynamic method significantly influence the response peaks from columns packed with porous or nonporous particles. A method, based on the use of convolution theorem, was developed which can take these effects into account. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on the case of axial dispersion in a single-pellet-string column (SPSR) packed with nonporous particles. It is possible to handle also responses from columns packed with porous particles by a similar procedure.

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Automatischer Parallelprüfstand zur Ermittlung der elektrischen Langzeitfestigkeit von festen Isolierstoffen bei hohen Wechselspannungen/ Automatic parallel sample set-up for electric endurance strength determination of solid insulating materials under high a.c. voltages

tm - Technisches Messen ◽

10.1524/teme.1987.54.12.473 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 54 (12) ◽

Author(s):

U. Bammert ◽

S. Pöhler

Keyword(s):

Insulating Materials ◽

Endurance Strength ◽

Parallel Sample ◽

Strength Determination ◽

Set Up ◽

Sample Set

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A Hybrid Approach to Computer-Aided Process Planning for Prismatic Parts

ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition ◽

10.1115/cie1994-0429 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

Y. F. Zhang ◽

A. Y. C. Nee ◽

J. Y. H. Fuh

Keyword(s):

Process Planning ◽

Hybrid Approach ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Optimal Operation ◽

Operation Sequencing ◽

Computer Aided Process Planning ◽

Prismatic Parts ◽

Minimum Number ◽

Set Up

Abstract One of the most difficult tasks in automated process planning is the determination of operation sequencing. This paper describes a hybrid approach for identifying the optimal operation sequence of machining prismatic parts on a three-axis milling machining centre. In the proposed methodology, the operation sequencing is carried out in two levels of planning: set-up planning and operation planning. Various constraints on the precedence relationships between features are identified and rules and heuristics are created. Based on the precedence relationships between features, an optimization method is developed to find the optimal plan(s) with minimum number of set-ups in which the conflict between the feature precedence relationships and set-up sequence is avoided. For each set-up, an optimal feature machining sequence with minimum number of tool changes is also determined using a developed algorithm. The proposed system is still under development and the hybrid approach is partially implemented. An example is provided to demonstrate this approach.

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Phosphorus fertilization and growth of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliares L.) cultivars

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n1p34-38 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 34-38

Author(s):

Vanderlise Giongo ◽

Alessandra M. Salviano ◽

Betina R. C. dos Santos ◽

Emylly F. Leal

Keyword(s):

Critical Level ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Critical Levels ◽

Buffel Grass ◽

P Accumulation ◽

P Content ◽

Phosphorus Requirement ◽

Set Up

Phosphorus (P) plays an important role in the growth of root system as well as the tillering grass, being fundamental to increase the productivity of these species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of buffel grass cultivars and establish critical values of P in plant and soil. The experimental set up was a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (four Cenchrus ciliaris cvs.: Biloela, Aridus, CPATSA 7754 and Pusa Giant, and five doses of P2O5 - 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) with four replications. After 90 days of cultivation, dry mass of shoot (DMS) and root (DMR) production and the P accumulation (Pacc) were determined. Soil samples to determine the P content and determination of the critical level (CriLev) were also collected. The cv. Biloela presented lower DMR and DMS production compared to the other cultivars. The cultivares Biloela, Pusa Giant and Aridus showed different critical levels of P in soil and plant, obtained in the greenhouse showing that they have different requirement of this nutrient for their growth. The cultivar CPATSA 7754 showed higher phosphorus requirement and did not permit to establish critical levels with doses used in the present study.

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REALITY OF PROTECTION FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMS: COMPREHENSIVE PROTECTION ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMS

IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) ◽

10.15294/ijcls.v2i2.12324 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 168-183

Author(s):

Diandra Preludio Ramada

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Sexual Crimes ◽

Preliminary Information ◽

Sense Of Security ◽

Victim Protection ◽

Set Up ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Physical Recovery

Lack of research on victims, especially victims of sexual crimes, whereas cases of sexual crimes are increasingly prevalent in the community. Victim protection is urgently needed to address the increasing number of victims who are not immediately noticed as law enforcers pay more attention to the perpetrators, while victims who suffer physically and psychologically, materially and spiritually, are largely ignored. There are two things that make the offer of protection become important for the victim. First, how to make victims for whom the protection is held, they feel that they are given a sense of security and comfort as citizens protected from the evil that constantly lurks. Second, how to ensure that protection institutions can be achieved with adequate social, economic and cultural aspects.This research aims to find two important things: (1). Finding framework and system of victim protection innovation in Semarang (2). Find and understand the most urgent needs of victims for psychological and physical recovery so that victims can reactivate like other citizens. The benefit of this research is to provide scientific information about the opportunities and barriers to the application of innovative protection for victims in the environment. Thus, the institution can be built especially for victims of sexual violence, as well as the preparation of aspirative and compatible programsThe research method used is qualitative research that rely on information from the first hand, both concerning the application of innovation protection and efforts to find the framework of innovation, it will be pursued stages of research stages, ranging from the determination of the object and place of research, the determination of unit analysis and observation unit, to intensive research in the field. Preliminary information was collected through a survey with questionnaires and interview guides. In addition, focus groups will be set up based on the diversity of informants. The deepening of the data is done by combining in-depth interviews and focused discussions.The findings of this research will result in a model of protection that has legitimacy for the community. The protection model is in great demand and beneficial to victims who have not been noticed.

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