Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Menstrual Status ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Resumption Of Menses

SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a prospective study in Indonesia. In order to examine these relationships directly in a longitudinal study, it was first necessary to distinguish among women who experienced infant mortality before menses resumed, women who weaned before menses resumed, and women who had return to menses while breast-feeding.Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected by recall for 444 women at monthly visits for 2 years. Three main breast-feeding variables, minutes per episode, number of episodes per day, number of episodes per night, and other breast-feeding variables were derived for each woman, to give the average nursing pattern up to menses or the end of the study, whichever came first. While high levels of nursing for each of these three main variables were found to be significantly related to delay in return of menses post-partum, the interactions between more minutes per episode, and more frequent day- and night-time feeds, were found to be the most important factors in the delay in onset of post-partum menstruation in those women whose menses resumed while still nursing or who remained amenorrhoeic and nursing at the end of the study.

The effect of initiation of child supplementation on resumption of post-partum menstruation

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Time Varying Covariates ◽  
Resumption Of Menses ◽  
Multivariate Hazard Model

SummaryThe effects of initiation of solid and liquid supplementation on resumption of post-partum menstruation are examined, 0using data from a 2-year prospective study of birth interval dynamics from central Java, Indonesia. The sample analysed consisted of 444 women who experienced resumption of menses while breast-feeding, women who were breast-feeding and amenorrhoeic at the end of the study, or women who resumed menstruation or were censored after infant mortality and weaning which preceded the resumption of menses. Multivariate hazard model analysis was used to assess the significance of supplementation, various breast-feeding covariates, and age and parity of the dependent variable. Because the timing of supplementation varies, the supplementation variables were introduced into the analysis as time-varying covariates. For the mothers in the sample, solid and liquid supplementation was initiated at medians of 2·1 and 8·0 months respectively. The former had a significant effect on resumption of menses, while the latter was only marginally significant. Earlier supplementation meant shorter durations of amenorrhoea for the majority of women. However, the effect was not consistent across all categories of women. For the small group of mothers who were low intensity breast-feeders (≤6 minutes per nursing episode) or as low frequency day-time breast-feeders (≤6 nursing episodes per day-time), earlier supplementation had no additional effect on their rate of resumption of menses post-partum.

Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Huffman ◽  
Alauddin Chowdhury ◽  
Hubert Allen ◽  
Luftun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Resumption Of Menses

SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a longitudinal study initiated in March 1976 in Bangladesh. Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected on 148 breast-feeding women who were still amenorrhoeic at 17–25 months post-partum at the beginning of the study. Suckling was measured during an 8-hr period once a month for up to 19 months of follow-up.A high frequency of suckling was found, even at this late post-partum duration. Total suckling time and the number of suckling episodes declined with the age of the child but the mean duration of each episode did not change. The fact that regression analyses did not show a correlation between suckling patterns and return of menses post-partum may be related to the large individual variations in suckling patterns and in the duration of amenorrhoea in this population, and the need to study suckling patterns for longer than 8 hr per day.

Breast-feeding in Manila, Philippines preliminary results from a longitudinal study

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (S9) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayling Simpson-Hebert ◽  
Lorna P. Makil
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Low Income Families

SummaryLongitudinal data collected over a 2-year period (1982–84) on 152 first and second parity mothers who were delivered in a charity maternity hospital in Manila, Philippines, indicate the reasons for never brest-feeding and for early termination of brest-feeding. Socio-Cultural factors and beliefs are more important than physiological problems in minating breast-feeding.Proper bottle-feeding is too costly for most low-income families. Bottle-fed babies have a higher incidence of diarrhoea. Mothers who change from breast- to bottle-feeding in the first 6 months are 1·7 times as likely to become pregnant in the first year post-partum as mothers Who brest-feed for 7 or more months.

scholarly journals Immediate post placental insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device at caesarean delivery: a prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2244
Author(s):  
Sravani Mukka ◽  
Madhavi Y.
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: In India almost 65% of the women have an unmet need for family planning in the first postpartum year. Increasing rates of institutional deliveries creates an opportunity for providing quality post-partum family planning services. Post-partum Intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD), a form of long acting reversible contraception (LARC) is one of the most affective and safest method available. The present study aims at evaluating the safety, efficacy, rate of acceptance and rate of discontinuation of Intra caesarean inserted contraceptive device Copper T-380A.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at ESIC Medical College, Sanathnagar in women delivered by caesarean section during the period between March 2018 to February 2019. Recruitment was done based on the WHO medical eligibility criteria (MEC) for PPIUCD and also their willingness to participate in the study. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months.Results: Of the 265 women fulfilling the WHO MEC, 180 (67.92%) were willing to participate in the study. Total acceptance rate was 67.7%. Majority of them belonged to the age group 21-30 years (80%) and para 2 (53.88). 93.3% of the women were literates. 12 (6.66%) cases lost to follow up and the complications were studied in the rest 168 women. During follow up -38.69% had missing strings, 12.5% menstrual disturbances, 4.76% abdominal pain and spontaneous expulsion in 4.1%. No cases of perforation and pregnancy were reported. Total continuation rate was 84%.Conclusions: PPIUCD is a safe and convenient option of contraception with low expulsion rates and high continuation rates.

Lactation and post-partum amenorrhoea: a study based on data from three Norwegian cities 1860–1964

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Liestøl ◽  
Margit Rosenberg ◽  
Lars Walløe
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Of Menarche ◽  
Maternity Clinics ◽  
Resumption Of Menses

SummaryMedical records from maternity clinics in three Norwegian cities, Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim, have been used to study the relationship between lactation and post-partum amenorrhoea during the period 1860–1964. Resumption of menses after a period of post-partum amenorrhoea has been examined separately during lactation, after cessation of lactation, and in the absence of lactation, in 5250 cases. During ongoing lactation the median duration of post-partum amenorrhoea was found by survival analysis to be 12 months for women who had given birth before 1900 and 6 months for women who had given birth after 1900. In a Cox regression analysis, age of menarche and parity were found to influence the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea, in addition to the child's birth year. With a later age of menarche there was longer amenorrhoea, and primiparae resumed menses earlier than multiparae. After cessation of breast-feeding the median duration of amenorrhoea was 1 month, the only variable significantly influencing it being the age of menarche, a younger age showing a shorter duration. In the absence of lactation the survivor function started to decline after 3–4 weeks, and had a half-life of 2 months.None of the variables indicating the woman's social condition seemed to influence the duration of amenorrhoea. The decline in the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea during ongoing lactation from 1860 until today is therefore probably caused by a changed breast-feeding pattern rather than by improved nutrition for women giving birth.

scholarly journals Influences on the Extent of Breast-Feeding: A Prospective Study in the Philippines

Demography ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Stewart ◽  
Barry M. Popkin ◽  
David K. Guilkey ◽  
John S. Akin ◽  
Linda Adair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
A Prospective Study

Pregnancy and Idiopathic Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia: A Prospective Study during 6 Months Gestation and 3 Months Post-Partum

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Chaplin, Jr ◽  
Robert Cohen ◽  
Gordon Bloomberg ◽  
Harold J. Kaplan ◽  
Joy A. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Haemolytic Anaemia ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia ◽  
A Prospective Study
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