Breast-feeding in Manila, Philippines preliminary results from a longitudinal study

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (S9) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayling Simpson-Hebert ◽  
Lorna P. Makil
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Low Income Families

SummaryLongitudinal data collected over a 2-year period (1982–84) on 152 first and second parity mothers who were delivered in a charity maternity hospital in Manila, Philippines, indicate the reasons for never brest-feeding and for early termination of brest-feeding. Socio-Cultural factors and beliefs are more important than physiological problems in minating breast-feeding.Proper bottle-feeding is too costly for most low-income families. Bottle-fed babies have a higher incidence of diarrhoea. Mothers who change from breast- to bottle-feeding in the first 6 months are 1·7 times as likely to become pregnant in the first year post-partum as mothers Who brest-feed for 7 or more months.

Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-659
Author(s):  
CLEMENT A. SMITH ◽  
CLAUDE HEATON ◽  
JANE Y. HARSHBERGER ◽  
BENJAMIN SPOCK ◽  
IRA T. NATHANSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Uterine Involution

Chairman Smith: In their approach to breast feeding, as to religion, pediatricians might be classified in 3 groups. There are the firm believers, with serene faith that all women ought to nurse their babies because "breast feeding is best feeding." At the other extreme, certain agnostics hold that it makes no important difference whether a baby is breast fed or given a formula. Much the most numerous are the third group, who would be glad to have a faith to stand up for if the rational basis of such a faith were revealed to them. These conscientious physicians, anxious to give sound scientific advice, find themselves falling back among traditions and impressions, in the absence of modern factual knowledge. Much new data concerns only premature infants, for whom it is quite possible that Nature did not design human milk. Obviously we need facts. Are the antibodies in human milk significant? Does it protect against neonatal diarrhea? Does suckling cause uterine involution? What constitutes optimum growth in infancy? Does it result with artificial feeding? Without the answers to these and other questions the subject escapes into psychologic and emotional fields since it cannot be properly tackled in physiologic territory. Indeed whether a mother will nurse her baby is now usually decided psychologically rather than physiologically. If 72% of New Hampshire babies leave the maternity hospital on bottle feeding only, compared to 10% of those in South Carolina, the psychology of South Carolina women, and of their doctors, must differ from that of those in New Hampshire.

Making It Through the First Year of College: The Role of Students' Economic Resources, Employment, and Living Arrangements

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bozick
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
First Year ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
First Year College ◽  
First Year Of College ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
First Year College Students ◽  
At Home

Using data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study of 1996, this article explores the effect of economic resources on the paid work experiences and living arrangements of first-year college students. Students from low-income families are more likely to work for school-related expenses and to live at home during the first year of college—cost-saving strategies that, in some cases, impede their chances of continuing into the second year. Students who work more than 20 hours a week and who live at home are more likely to leave school during the first year than are those who work 20 hours a week or less and who reside on campus. Employment and living arrangements both play a strong role in shaping the transition to college, beyond background characteristics and academic preparation.

scholarly journals Determinants of suboptimal breast-feeding practices in Pakistan

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabish Hazir ◽  
Dure-Samin Akram ◽  
Yasir Bin Nisar ◽  
Narjis Kazmi ◽  
Kingsley E Agho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed

AbstractObjectiveExclusive breast-feeding is estimated to reduce infant mortality in low-income countries by up to 13 %. The aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors associated with suboptimal breast-feeding practices in Pakistan.DesignA cross-sectional study using data extracted from the multistage cluster sample survey of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006–2007.SettingA nationally representative sample of households.SubjectsLast-born alive children aged 0–23 months (total weighted sample size 3103).ResultsThe prevalences of timely initiation of breast-feeding, bottle-feeding in children aged 0–23 months, exclusive breast-feeding and predominant breast-feeding in infants aged 0–5 months were 27·3 %, 32·1 %, 37·1 % and 18·7 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that working mothers (OR = 1·48, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·87; P = 0·001) and mothers who delivered by Caesarean section (OR = 1·95, 95 % CI 1·30, 2·90; P = 0·001) had significantly higher odds for no timely initiation of breast-feeding. Mothers from North West Frontier Province were significantly less likely (OR = 0·37, 95 % CI 0·23, 0·59; P < 0·001) not to breast-feed their babies exclusively. Mothers delivered by traditional birth attendants had significantly higher odds to predominantly breast-feed their babies (OR = 1·96, 95 % CI 1·18, 3·24; P = 0·009). The odds of being bottle-fed was significantly higher in infants whose mothers had four or more antenatal clinic visits (OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·46, 2·55; P < 0·001) and belonged to the richest wealth quintile (OR = 2·41, 95 % CI 1·62, 3·58; P < 0·001).ConclusionsThe majority of Pakistani mothers have suboptimal breast-feeding practices. To gain the full benefits of breast-feeding for child health and nutrition, there is an urgent need to develop interventions to improve the rates of exclusive breast-feeding.

Chronic Family Adversity and Early Child Behavior Problems: A Longitudinal Study of Low Income Families

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Shaw ◽  
Joan I. Vondra ◽  
Katherine Dowdell Hommerding ◽  
Kate Keenan ◽  
Marija Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Behavior Problems ◽  
Family Adversity ◽  
Early Child ◽  
Low Income Families

scholarly journals Home literacy activities: Accounting for differences in early grade literacy outcomes in low-income families in Zambia

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Chansa-Kabali
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Home Literacy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Literacy Outcomes ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Teaching Letters

Inequalities on child cognitive outcomes exist as children enter the first grade. These differences are even wider for children in low-income families. This article aims to examine the extent to which home factors account for variation in early literacy outcomes in the first year of schooling. A total of 72 first graders and their parents from low-income families in Lusaka, Zambia, participated in the study. A self-reported home literacy questionnaire was used to collect home literacy data − parental education, home possessions, reading materials, language awareness, print experience, writing activities, reading activities and teaching letters. Children’s early literacy skills were assessed using four measures: orthography awareness, spelling, vocabulary and math tests. These tests were measured at two points: at the beginning and at the end of the first grade. Results showed that teaching letters was most predictive of literacy outcomes both at the beginning and end of the first year. The study concludes that formal teaching of letters at home is the parents’ greatest strength for supporting literacy in low-income families. Thus, energies for parental involvement should be directed in ways that are culturally practised and manageable by parents for better literacy outcomes.

Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Menstrual Status ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Resumption Of Menses

SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a prospective study in Indonesia. In order to examine these relationships directly in a longitudinal study, it was first necessary to distinguish among women who experienced infant mortality before menses resumed, women who weaned before menses resumed, and women who had return to menses while breast-feeding.Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected by recall for 444 women at monthly visits for 2 years. Three main breast-feeding variables, minutes per episode, number of episodes per day, number of episodes per night, and other breast-feeding variables were derived for each woman, to give the average nursing pattern up to menses or the end of the study, whichever came first. While high levels of nursing for each of these three main variables were found to be significantly related to delay in return of menses post-partum, the interactions between more minutes per episode, and more frequent day- and night-time feeds, were found to be the most important factors in the delay in onset of post-partum menstruation in those women whose menses resumed while still nursing or who remained amenorrhoeic and nursing at the end of the study.

scholarly journals Predictors of Variation in Maternal Talk to Children: A Longitudinal Study of Low-Income Families

Parenting ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith L. Rowe ◽  
Barbara Alexander Pan ◽  
Catherine Ayoub
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Families

scholarly journals The Achievement of University Access: Conversion Factors, Capabilities and Choices

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
First Year ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Her Family ◽  
University Access ◽  
Low Income Families

In the light both of persistent inequality of education opportunities for low income families and a wide equality gap in South Africa, this article explores students’ university access by applying Amartya Sen’s capability approach to a South African case study. The article demonstrates empirically that access is more than an individual project, shaped both by objective conditions and subjective biographies, that is by general conversion factors and a person’s social and personal options. Key conversion factors are material (income) and social (family, community, school, information), which produce an interlocking system of opportunity. Access thus requires more than formal opportunity to enable social mobility for all. The case study comprises qualitative interviews with diverse students in their first year at one university; illustrative narratives are selected to show different pathways, conversion factors and choices. Agency and self-efficacy emerge as especially important for making choices but also for constructing a higher education pathway where none exists for that person and her family. The article suggests that higher education has the potential to advance social mobility provided that it moves in the direction of expanding the capabilities of all students to have the choice of higher education.

scholarly journals Optimal feeding practices in Tamilnadu, breast feeding and complementary feeding: the reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Rathisharmila R. ◽  
Uvaraj P. ◽  
Saraswathi N. ◽  
Ilamaran V.
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Cow's Milk

Background: Optimal feeding of infants under two years of age has the greatest potential impact on child survival of all preventive interventions. This study was done to evaluate feeding practices of infants in first two years of life.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 161 mothers with infants 6 mo to 24 mo of age, attending the well-baby clinic of this hospital were selected for study from April 2014 to March 2015 and interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo was 44% with a median duration of 4.9±1.8 mo. The proportion of infants who received continued breast feeding at 1 year of age (12-15 mo) was 67%. The median duration of any breast feeding was 13.6 mo by survival analysis. Early introduction of cow’s milk and bottle feeding were associated with nonexclusive breast feeding under 6 mo and early termination of breast feeding.Conclusions: While rate of exclusive breast feeding was comparable to the state average (48%), there was a higher rate of introduction of cow’s milk and bottle feeding which contributed to early termination of breastfeeding before one year of age. This study emphasis the fact that bottle feeding and inappropriate complementary feeding should be tackled to improve IYCF indicators in Tamilnadu.

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