The Choice Between High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Steam Power in America in the Early Nineteenth Century

1981 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harlan I. Halsey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Eastern Seaboard

In the early nineteenth century, five versions of stationary steam engines were in widespread use. In America, the high-pressure engine was dominant in the West, but on the eastern seaboard the low-pressure engine was viable. In Britain, the low-pressure engine was overwhelmingly dominant. Here we analyze the evidence on cost and performance of high- and low-pressure engines, and show that fuel-price and interest-rate differentials were sufficient to explain the distribution of steam engine types in America.

The Crimea between East and West according to Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century British Travelogues

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Nikita I. Khrapunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Crimea

Following its annexation by Russia in 1783, the Crimea became a stage on the Western grand tour. Foreign travelogues informed their readers about the country, previously almost unknown in Europe. This paper addresses the British travelogues that played an important role in shaping notions of the Crimea and Russia's role in its history, many of which still exist today. The travellers created works of different kinds: unedited letters and journals, encyclopaedic descriptions, imagined journeys, and pseudo-correspondences. Their authors had varied levels of intelligence, motivations, and passions, intricately entwining empirical observations with stereotypes. Geographically located in Europe, the Crimea was understood as a country featuring distinctive features of the East. Its image possessed traits of paradisiacal nature, inhabited by naïve and lazy persons resembling Rousseau's utopia, with an extraordinarily rich archaeological heritage, the romantic culture of Islam, and various ethnic and religious types. The British offered plans for the establishment of Western colonists in the Crimea, as well as the development of communications, trade, agriculture, and industry. William Eton and Matthew Guthrie considered the Russian occupation of the Crimea historically progres-sive, which would bring prosperity and well-being to the country and its residents. However, Edward Clarke interpreted the Russians as the avatar of barbarism and developed a plan to return the peninsula to the Ottomans. Some negative stereotypes originating from his book continue nowadays and are restated in periods of aggravated relations between Russia and the West.

Bureaucratic- or Self-Government: The Early Nineteenth Century Russian City

Slavic Review ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Narrow Class

While the topic of local government in Russia before the reforms of the 1860s was popular in prerevolutionary historiography, it did not attract much attention from Soviet historians; historians in the west have shown greater interest in the problem. The necessity of using a narrow, class approach forced Soviet historians to interpret the problems of local government in a simplistic and one-sided fashion. The a priori assumption that an independent local government was impossible, especially under absolutism, and the importunate desire to interpret each reform, each action of the crown as a realization of class goals by an exploiting gentry have, in my opinion hampered investigation of the correlation between crown rule and estate self-government in the local government system.

scholarly journals Sospeso tra due mondi: il velo di San Giusto tra Bisanzio e Trieste

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39-65
Author(s):  
Livia Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Many ◽  
General Studies

This article aims to a preliminary reassessment of the silk veil preserved in the Treasury of Trieste cathedral. The cloth is unparalleled in Byzantine as well in western medieval art, in that it is painted with tempera on both sides. It depicts a youthful martyr in a court costume, and bears an inscription that identifies the saint as St. Just. Since its alleged recovery from a reliquary in the early nineteenth century, the cloth has been often addressed by the scholars, who ascribed it either to a Byzantine or to a local master and dated it between the eleventh and the fourteenth century. Despite being referred to in several more general studies, it has been rarely considered individually. In this paper I address the many questions that the Trieste veil raises, including problems of chronology, provenance, function, and iconography. After careful observation and based on both primary sources and visual evidence, I argue that it was produced in Byzantium, possibly at an early date, to serve as a liturgical implement; later, it was brought to the West, where the saint was given a new identity and the cloth was reused as a banner after being painted on the reverse.

Demonstration of a Reheat Combustor for Power Production With CO2 Sequestration

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Chorpening ◽  
Geo A. Richards ◽  
Kent Casleton ◽  
Mark Woike ◽  
Brian Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Power Generation Systems ◽  
Steam Cycle

Concerns about climate change have encouraged significant interest in concepts for ultra-low or “zero”-emissions power generation systems. In a concept proposed by Clean Energy Systems, Inc., nitrogen is removed from the combustion air and replaced with steam diluent. In this way, formation of nitrogen oxides is prevented, and the exhaust stream can be separated into concentrated CO2 and water streams. The concentrated CO2 stream could then serve as input to a CO2 sequestration process. In this study, experimental data are reported from a fullscale combustion test using steam as the diluent in oxy-fuel combustion. This combustor represents the “reheat” combustion system in a steam cycle that uses a high and low-pressure steam expansion. The reheat combustor serves to raise the temperature of the low-pressure steam turbine inlet, similar to the reheat stage of a conventional steam power cycle. Unlike a conventional steam cycle, the reheat enthalpy is actually generated by oxy-fuel combustion in the steam flow. This paper reports on the unique design aspects of this combustor, as well as initial emissions and operating performance.

Tirumala Nayaka's “New Hall” and the European Study of the South Indian Temple

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispin Branfoot
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
European Study ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Temple Complex ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Architectural Sculpture

AbstractThe Pudu Mandapa (‘New Hall’) in Madurai is one of the best-known monuments from the Nayaka period of Tamilnadu (c. 1550–1700). It was built around 1630 under the patronage of Tirumala Nayaka as a major addition to the Minaksi-Sundaresvara temple complex that dominates the centre of this major Tamil town and Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Pudu Mandapa is well known in the West from the aquatint produced by Thomas and William Daniell, but this is only one of numerous other illustrations by Western and Indian artists in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century of this single Tamil temple structure. A discussion of the Pudu Mandapa as an example of a major architectural type, the festival mandapa, is followed by an examination of the structure's architectural sculpture. The final section discusses the Royal Asiatic Society's collection of drawings of this mandapa and the European documentation of the south Indian temple more generally.

Porch and Playhouse, Parlor and Performance Hall: Traversing Boundaries in Gottschalk'sThe Banjo

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-183
Author(s):  
LAURA MOORE PRUETT
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Music ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Concert Halls ◽  
Piano Composition ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Minstrel Shows ◽  
Class Divisions

AbstractThis article reconsiders the cultural significance and historical impact of the well-known virtuosic piano compositionThe Banjoby Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Throughout the early nineteenth century, the banjo and the piano inhabited very specific and highly contrasting performance circumstances: black folk entertainment and minstrel shows for the former, white middle- and upper-class parlors and concert halls for the latter. InThe Banjo, Louis Moreau Gottschalk lifted the banjo out of its familiar contexts and placed it in the spaces usually privileged for the piano. Taking its inspiration from both African American and minstrel banjo playing techniques, Gottschalk's composition relaxed and muddled the boundaries among performance spaces, racial and class divisions, and two conspicuously different musical instruments in an egalitarian effort to demonstrate that, contrary to the opinions of some mid-nineteenth-century musical critics and tastemakers, both the piano and the banjo have a place in the shaping of American music culture.

The White Town of Calcutta Under the Rule of the East India Company

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elite Group ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Literature History ◽  
Bengal Renaissance ◽  
The City ◽  
Narrow Base

Late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Calcutta was the setting for the first sustained encounter between Asian intellectuals and the west. An Indian intelligentsia living in Calcutta responded in a most creative way to aspects of European culture that became available to them in the city. Much about this response is now contentious. If the term Bengal Renaissance is still generally applied to it, the implications of that term are disputed. It is no longer necessarily assumed that ‘modern’ India was born in early nineteenth-century Calcutta by a fusing of what was western and what was ‘traditional’. Assumptions that Indian cultures in general and that of Hindu Bengal in particular lacked a capacity to change and to develop on their own internal dynamics, whatever the input from the west, now look more than a little ‘orientalist’. Furthermore, even if the Bengal Renaissance can be shown to have had its roots in its own culture, to some recent critics it was still a movement whose impact was severely limited by the very narrow base on which it rested: an elite group enclosed in a colonial situation. Yet, however the Renaissance may be reassessed, there can still be no doubt that Calcutta under the East India Company contained Indian intellectuals of exceptional talent, who absorbed much from the west. ‘The excitement over the literature, history and philosophy of Europe as well as the less familiar scientific knowledge was deep and abiding’, Professor Raychaudhuri has recently written.

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