scholarly journals Sospeso tra due mondi: il velo di San Giusto tra Bisanzio e Trieste

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39-65
Author(s):  
Livia Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Many ◽  
General Studies

This article aims to a preliminary reassessment of the silk veil preserved in the Treasury of Trieste cathedral. The cloth is unparalleled in Byzantine as well in western medieval art, in that it is painted with tempera on both sides. It depicts a youthful martyr in a court costume, and bears an inscription that identifies the saint as St. Just. Since its alleged recovery from a reliquary in the early nineteenth century, the cloth has been often addressed by the scholars, who ascribed it either to a Byzantine or to a local master and dated it between the eleventh and the fourteenth century. Despite being referred to in several more general studies, it has been rarely considered individually. In this paper I address the many questions that the Trieste veil raises, including problems of chronology, provenance, function, and iconography. After careful observation and based on both primary sources and visual evidence, I argue that it was produced in Byzantium, possibly at an early date, to serve as a liturgical implement; later, it was brought to the West, where the saint was given a new identity and the cloth was reused as a banner after being painted on the reverse.

The Ta'līf akhbār al-qurūn min umarā' bilad Ilūrin: A Critique

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
H.O. Danmole
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Unpublished Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Ibadan ◽  
Local Languages

Before the advent of colonialism, Arabic was widely used in northern Nigeria where Islam had penetrated before the fifteenth century. The jihād of the early nineteenth century in Hausaland led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, the revitalization of Islamic learning, and scholars who kept records in Arabic. Indeed, some local languages such as Hausa and Fulfulde were reduced to writing in Arabic scripts. Consequently, knowledge of Arabic is a crucial tool for the historian working on the history of the caliphate.For Ilorin, a frontier emirate between Hausa and Yorubaland, a few Arabic materials are available as well for the reconstruction of the history of the emirate. One such document is the Ta'līf akhbār al-qurūn min umarā' bilad Ilūrin (“The History of the Emirs of Ilorin”). In 1965 Martin translated, edited, and published the Ta'līf in the Research Bulletin of the Centre for Arabic Documentation at the University of Ibadan as a “New Arabic History of Ilorin.” Since then many scholars have used the Ta'līf in their studies of Ilorin and Yoruba history. Recently Smith has affirmed that the Ta'līf has been relatively neglected. He attempts successfully to reconstruct the chronology of events in Yorubaland, using the Ta'līf along with the Ta'nis al-ahibba' fi dhikr unara' Gwandu mawa al-asfiya', an unpublished work of Dr. Junaid al-Bukhari, Wazīr of Sokoto, and works in English. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information in the Ta'līf by comparing its evidence with that of other primary sources which deal with the history of Ilorin and Yorubaland.

The Crimea between East and West according to Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century British Travelogues

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Nikita I. Khrapunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Crimea

Following its annexation by Russia in 1783, the Crimea became a stage on the Western grand tour. Foreign travelogues informed their readers about the country, previously almost unknown in Europe. This paper addresses the British travelogues that played an important role in shaping notions of the Crimea and Russia's role in its history, many of which still exist today. The travellers created works of different kinds: unedited letters and journals, encyclopaedic descriptions, imagined journeys, and pseudo-correspondences. Their authors had varied levels of intelligence, motivations, and passions, intricately entwining empirical observations with stereotypes. Geographically located in Europe, the Crimea was understood as a country featuring distinctive features of the East. Its image possessed traits of paradisiacal nature, inhabited by naïve and lazy persons resembling Rousseau's utopia, with an extraordinarily rich archaeological heritage, the romantic culture of Islam, and various ethnic and religious types. The British offered plans for the establishment of Western colonists in the Crimea, as well as the development of communications, trade, agriculture, and industry. William Eton and Matthew Guthrie considered the Russian occupation of the Crimea historically progres-sive, which would bring prosperity and well-being to the country and its residents. However, Edward Clarke interpreted the Russians as the avatar of barbarism and developed a plan to return the peninsula to the Ottomans. Some negative stereotypes originating from his book continue nowadays and are restated in periods of aggravated relations between Russia and the West.

The Enlightenment of the West

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Press ◽  
Western Concept ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Initial Process

This chapter examines the introduction of the Western concept of press freedom into imperial China. The initial introduction of freedom of the press was a product of the transnational interaction between China and the West in the nineteenth century. From the 1830s, Western businessmen, European Protestant missionaries, and Chinese diplomats introduced scattered ideas of press freedom into China, though these had very little influence at the time. This chapter documents this initial process of conceptual transplantation and summarizes the differing interpretations of press freedom through an in-depth textual analysis of primary sources.

An Eighteenth-Century Case of Plagiarism: William Smith's A New Voyage to Guinea

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
African History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Complete Report

In the first number of History in Africa P.E.H. Hair reiterated A.W. Lawrence's plea for a “critical appraisal” and analysis of primary sources for African history. The aim of this brief note is to appraise the originality of certain of these works. The focus will be the Gold Coast, with emphasis on the book by William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, first published in 1744 and reprinted (without an introduction or editorial comment) by Frank Cass in 1967.The literature about the Gold Coast during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is rich in accounts by visitors, residents, and compilers. Dapper, Barbot, Bosman, Atkins, and Smith all provided descriptions. Only Bosman lived on the Gold Coast for an extended period of time, and the concentration of detail in his book reflects that experience. From about the 1720s to the early nineteenth century, a hiatus in the descriptive literature exists, but then Meredith, De Marree, Bowdich, and Dupuis resume the earlier tradition, so that one cannot say that the Gold Coast has been ignored in terms of European visitors or their original descriptions of the it area.However, when we look carefully at some of these narratives, we find that not all of what is written is in fact original. For example, Barbot's account of the political organization of Elmina is an exact duplicate, in translation from the Dutch, of Dapper's description. Barbot also copied his description of the “Degrees of Blacks” from Bosman. De Marree, an early nineteenth century Dutch official on the Gold Coast, included without attribution in his narrative, a complete report by Governor General Pieter Linthorst written in 1807.

Bureaucratic- or Self-Government: The Early Nineteenth Century Russian City

Slavic Review ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Narrow Class

While the topic of local government in Russia before the reforms of the 1860s was popular in prerevolutionary historiography, it did not attract much attention from Soviet historians; historians in the west have shown greater interest in the problem. The necessity of using a narrow, class approach forced Soviet historians to interpret the problems of local government in a simplistic and one-sided fashion. The a priori assumption that an independent local government was impossible, especially under absolutism, and the importunate desire to interpret each reform, each action of the crown as a realization of class goals by an exploiting gentry have, in my opinion hampered investigation of the correlation between crown rule and estate self-government in the local government system.

Conveyance and Convergence: Visual Culture in Medieval Cyprus

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 413-446
Author(s):  
Justine Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
The West ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Artistic Styles ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources

Abstract While the trajectory of transmission of art in the Mediterranean has often been understood as West to East, here I will consider the transmission of artistic sources to Cyprus from both the West and East. These trajectories open a dialogue regarding the question of how the many sources that underpin Cypriot medieval art converged on the island. Focusing on commissions of the Lusignan dynasty, as well as other powerful communities such as the Orthodox Greeks and the Genoese, this paper shows that the social and political identity of these groups was constantly in flux; the artistic styles they used to express themselves changed according to their shifts in status. Thus, their use of artistic and architectural styles was strategic and both reflected and shaped the family’s changing political and economic position in the Mediterranean.

scholarly journals TEACHING PEDAGOGY IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH: VIEWS OF EDUCATORS AND RELIGIOUS FIGURES (1867-1884)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Tverdokhlib
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Pedagogy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pedagogical Literature ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The views of V. Belikov, A. Vasyliev, P. Lashkarov, P. Linytskyi, I. Malyshevskyi, A. Sheremetynskyi and other teachers and religious figures about teaching pedagogy in educational institutions of the Orthodox Church in 1867-1884 have been covered in the article basing on the analysis of primary sources and historical and pedagogical literature. It has been established that the theoretical groundwork on these issues was presented in the projects and publications of such ecclesiastical periodicals as Volynskie Eparxial'nye Vedomosti, Pravoslavnoe Obozrenie, Poltavskie eparxial'nye vedomosti, Trudy Kievskoj duxovnoj akademii, etc. The ideas of teachers and religious figures regarding the content, methodological support, organizational aspects, forms, staffing of teaching pedagogy in academies, seminaries and women's educational institutions of the Orthodox Church have been identified and considered. The comparative analysis of theoretical developments on pedagogical education in the Orthodox educational institutions of the early nineteenth century – the mid 60's of the nineteenth century and 1867-1884 has been carried out in the research. It was found on its basis that during the period under research the problems of teaching and methodological support and the organization of teaching pedagogy were rarely brought up by teachers and religious figures, but at the same time they joined to solving new issues. In 1867-1884 the works where the forms of organizing the process of teaching pedagogy, peculiarities of the activities of teachers of this discipline in the educational institutions of the ecclesiastical department were considered appeared for the first time.

Corruption and Anticorruptionin Early-Nineteenth-Century Sweden

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bågenholm
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Awareness ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Novel Reading

This chapter challenges common historiographical claims about the significance of the Swedish transition of circa 1800. It concludes, based on a novel reading of key primary sources, that there is only weak evidence that Sweden was a thoroughly corrupt state around 1820 or that corruption was the most important political problem at that time, and was therefore actively and effectively combated in the subsequent decades. However, the chapter does present evidence that there was a great awareness of the problems that existed and argues (while being aware of the conceptual problems involved) that these problems show many similarities with Weberian-style bureaucratization.

A Visual Pun at Vézelay: Gesture and Meaning on a Capital Representing the Fall of Man

Traditio ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 105-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ambrose
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Prosper Merimee ◽  
French Author

In a description of a trip through the Midi of France in 1835, Prosper Merimée devotes a lengthy paragraph to the analysis of the Christ in Vézelay's Pentecost tympanum (fig. 1). He marvels at the carving of the figure's feet and “blessing” hands, as well as the placement of the thighs in relation to the torso. Later in his treatment of the abbey church and its sculpture, the author notes that figures on the nave capitals convey a “savage zeal” (zèle farouche) by means of posture and facial expressions. Gestures, in the widely construed, medieval sense of the word, clearly struck the celebrated French author as a salient feature of Vézelay's sculpture. Merimée sympathized with Romantic visions of the Middle Ages as a period less tainted by the stifling effects of civilization, and perhaps his fascination with the dramatic body movement carved throughout the abbey church reflects the belief that these were unfettered by the artistic or social constraints of the early nineteenth century. Yet throughout his description of Vézelay's sculpture, he never attempts to explore the meanings that the carved body might have held for a medieval audience; their meaning is not considered to be historical, but rather to be self-evident. The operative assumption that gestures in medieval art are transparent in meaning anticipates much subsequent scholarship.

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