Capitalism in Medieval Islam

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhi Y. Labib
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medieval Islam ◽  
Holy Book ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

He who looks for the term “capitalism” in the Islamic sources of the Middle Ages will look in vain. On the other hand, the term “capital” has been known since the beginning of Islamic culture. Even in the Holy Book of Islam, in the Sūrat al-Baḳara, the idea of capital appears in connection with trade, business, and the illicit practice of loaning for profit—usury. “O you who believe, keep your duty to Allah and relinquish what remains [due] from usury, if you are believers. But if you do [it] not, then be apprised of war from Allah and His messenger; and if you repent, then you shall have your capital. Wrong not, and you shall not be wronged.” In the same Sūrah God forbids usury but not Bai', trading, or buying. At another place God's commands clear the way for investments. “O you who believe, devour not your property among yourselves by illegal methods, although you may engage in trading by mutual consent. And kill not your people. Surely Allah is merciful to you.”The Islamic merchant tried to follow this system of ethics.

Views of Jews from Paris Around 1300: Christian or ‘Scientific’?

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 187-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Biller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Racial Thought ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

A Term in many ways inappropriate to the Middle Ages’: so begins AA a recent medieval encyclopaedia article on ‘antisemitism’. It is the first worry of the medievalist. On the one hand, he or she hears the c’est la même chose cry of the non-medievalist when the latter looks at examples of medieval hatred of the Jews. On the other hand, he or she is acutely aware both of the modernity of racial thought and the way in which twelfth-or thirteenth-century texts, when discussing Jews, use religious vocabulary, not ‘racial’. Painful modern Jewish and Christian concern to examine the Church’s guilt pushes in the same direction as the medievalist’s anxiety about anachronism. The effect is to underline religion.

King Arthur and the Tudor Dynasty

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Philip Schwyzer
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Faerie Queene ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Arthurian Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages

The reception of the legend of Arthur in the Tudor era presents something of a paradox. On the one hand, Arthur featured prominently in pageants and public spectacles throughout the period, and at times played a surprisingly important role in foreign policy. On the other hand, chroniclers found it increasingly difficult to defend Arthur’s historicity, and the period failed to produce a major work of Arthurian literature beyond Spenser’s Faerie Queene, in which the British prince cuts a perplexingly elusive figure. With its complex and conflicting attitudes to the Arthurian tradition, the Tudor era seems to constitute a bridge or way-station between the Arthur of the Middle Ages and the Arthur of more securely post-medieval (and, hence, medievalist) eras.

Introduction

1984 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Middle Ages

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the three Jewish–Christian disputations which took place in the Middle Ages: the Paris Disputation of 1240, the Barcelona Disputation of 1263, and the Tortosa Disputation of 1413–14. Of these, the most celebrated is the Barcelona Disputation of 1263, the Jewish account of which was written by Moses Naḥmanides. The Paris Disputation was not really a disputation at all, but an interrogation in which the Jewish spokesman, Rabbi Yeḥiel, was given very little scope for the exposition of fundamental Jewish ideas; he was severely hampered both by the restricted role he was given, and by the limits of the interrogation itself, which was confined to allegedly anti-Christian passages of the Talmud. The Tortosa Disputation, on the other hand, was a true disputation, in which the same areas were covered as in the Barcelona Disputation, but under much inferior conditions. At Barcelona, however, many factors came together to form the greatest confrontation between Christianity and Judaism in the Middle Ages. In addition, the Barcelona Disputation took place at a turning-point in Jewish history.

The Ideology of Silence: Prejudice and Pragmatism on the Medieval Religious Frontier

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Great Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
The Middle Ages

Historians have long debated the importance of religion as a determining factor in relations between Christians and Muslims during the Middle Ages. On the one hand, each side consigned adherents of the enemy's religion to eternal damnation. Religious animosity provided the casus belli of crusade and jihad; Christian and Muslim met each other on the field of battle with great frequency. On the other hand, Christian-Muslim relations also included peaceful commerce, institutional borrowing, and even cultural exchange. Christians and Muslims spent more time fighting their coreligionists than making war on each other. Churches continued to exist in the lands of Islam, and mosques survived under Christian rule as well. Such evidence has led some historians to minimize the degree to which religious intolerance influenced Christian-Muslim contacts during the Middle Ages.

The Sense of the Horizon

Philosophy ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 301-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Delisle Burns
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The West ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

Not for the first time in the history of our tradition, we are conscious of the defects of our inheritance and look doubtfully forward to a future whose structure we can hardly surmise. There was a Decline of the West in the first years of our era and again at the close of the Middle Ages. Now once more the beliefs and customs are shaken, on which our tradition is based; and there is no certainty that we shall carry forward what that tradition has so far achieved into a new form of civilized life. But, on the other hand, there is no reason to suppose that Western Civilization will disappear.

scholarly journals L’estensione del dominio dell’amicizia. Signori e amici in Lombardia e Italia centro-settentrionale, secoli XIV-XV

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-178
Author(s):  
Federico Del Tredici
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages

At the end of the Middle Ages in Lombardy it was common for a rural lord and his subjects to be defined as friends. By comparing Lombardy to other areas of central and northern Italy, the essay underlines the exceptional nature of this situation, and questions its causes. Such a phenomenon had two main underlying reasons: on the one hand, the peculiar political relationship between city and countryside that distinguished Lombardy since the late thirteenth century; on the other hand, the strong consensual character of the Lombard lordship in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Asceticism Versus Militarism in the Middle Ages

1936 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Type Of Behavior ◽  
The Middle Ages

The terms “religion” and “asceticism” represent separable realms of experience. Asceticism may occur where a Stoic philosopher, from purely ethical considerations, denies all indulgence to the appetites of the body, that “gaol and shackle of the soul.” It is today employed, in Egypt and in India, in the strategy of political causes. The athlete or the actor, the scholar or the merchant, may adopt an ascetic type of behavior for the sake of efficiency on a non-religious level. On the other hand feasting may be as religious as fasting, jubilation as holy as penance.

Tacitus-Librarian?

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
Revilo P. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Augustan Age ◽  
The Middle Ages

Mr. Reed has performed a distinct service by reminding us (CQ 26 (1976),309 ff.) of the odd statement by Guglielmo da Pastrengo that Tacitus was once the director of Titus' private library: if authentic, the information is too precious to be neglected. We cannot deny that Guglielmo may have had ancient sources now lost. When we know that a short epic, probably by Rabirius, one of the most admired poets of the Augustan age, disappeared after 1466, although it was protected by a false ascription to Virgil, it would be foolhardy to claim that any loss after 1350 was impossible. On the other hand, we all know that instant erudition was a speciality of many Medieval sciolists whom admirers of the Middle Ages now call ‘Humanists’’ and ‘scholars’’, e.g. Arnulf of Orleans, whose recondite learning enabled him to inform us that Lucan was called Annaeus because bees settled on the infant's lips, and that he was brought to Rome as a captive after Nero stormed Cordova.

Latin Manuscript Books before 1600: A Bibliography of the Printed Catalogues of Extant Collections

Traditio ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 227-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Oskar Kristeller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Annotated Bibliography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Learned Societies ◽  
Patristic Literature ◽  
Textual Material ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study of Latin manuscripts has been of vital importance not only to the student of classical and patristic literature but also to every serious scholar interested in the literature, theology, philosophy and science of the Middle Ages and of the Renaissance. In this field, the manuscripts contain not merely new variants of well-known texts but an often unsuspected amount of new textual material that never got into print but often had as wide a circulation and importance as some of the printed works. This material is by no means easily accessible. If a collection of manuscripts has no printed catalogue, there is no way of investigating its content except by working on the spot. On the other hand, printed catalogues, when available, permit the location of pertinent material from a distance, and hence are a definite scholarly aid and desideratum. Since even the printed catalogues are often inadequate and sometimes rare, it has seemed useful to compile an annotated bibliography of these catalogues, which would serve as a guide to medievalists and Renaissance scholars in general, and in particular to the contributors to the project of ‘Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries,’ which has been undertaken by a group of scholars under the auspices of several learned societies. The present bibliography was originally compiled for the purposes of that project, and it has been decided to print it, since previous bibliographies of a similar nature were either conceived along narrower lines, like Weinberger's, or were inaccurate, like Richardson's.

scholarly journals The Development of Industry and Commerce in Wales During the Middle Ages

1903 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 121-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
The One ◽  
Gradual Decay ◽  
The Middle Ages

The development of industry and commerce in Wales during the Middle Ages may be regarded from two points of view. On the one hand we are concerned with the gradual decay of the commerce carried on by the inhabitants of the western regions of tribal Britain, and on the other hand with the development of the national commerce of the modern Principality.

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