Lordship and Humanity Principles for The Peace of Indonesia: An Integrative Study of Theology and Ideology

This study is stimulated by the background of the gap regarding the understanding and application between the Indonesian ideology of Pancasila and theology (religion) among both Muslims and Christians. This research aimed to study the integration between Christian theology and the Indonesian ideology of Pancasila. This research was based upon the naturalistic paradigm with a qualitative approach and integrative research method to find a model for solving religious intolerance and violence, which is often manipulated by political interests. This integrative study, especially integral dialectical synthesis, is to find a holistic knowledge of the doctrine of the principle of One Lordship, just and civilized humanity according to Christian theology and ideology of Pancasila as a model of integration. The integrative study between theology and ideology confirms that each of the five principles of Pancasila is theological, and even a mandate that believers (the Christians community) must obey. The relationship between Christian theology and the ideology of Pancasila is an integrative relationship because God and humanity are also integrative. These findings suggest that all Christians live in love and respect to their fellow humans, both Christian and non-Christian. Loving God and others means loving the Indonesian people by participating in overcoming the nation's problems and building the Indonesian nation's welfare for the welfare of the nation is our (all Indonesian citizens) wellbeing.

The Implications of Understanding Contextual Hadith on Religious Radicalism (Case Study of Darus-Sunnah International Institute for Hadith Sciences)

In hadith studies, many conclusions state that textual reasoning towards hadith is the main cause of intolerance and radicalism. This makes some scholars such as Yusuf al-Qardhawi and Ali Mustafa Yakub offer a more complex understanding of hadith involving asbab wurud al-hadith, al-wahdah al-maudhu'iyyah fi al-hadith, ikhtilaf al-ahadith and so on. Hadith reasoning like this is considered by some as a contextualization of hadith that will prevent someone from religious radicalism. This study wants to answer the question, to what extent does contextual reasoning in hadith prevent a person from religious radicalism? Researchers will examine the formulation of contextual hadith reasoning initiated by Ali Mustafa Yaqub in al-Thuruq al-Shahihah fi Fahm al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah and standards of religious radicalism initiated by LIPI in the Strategy for Anticipating Radicalism and Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. Each will be used as an independent variable and dependent variable. This research is mixed research with the type of field research. The data processing technique used is a simple regression test using the SPSS 20 program. The research object of this study is the Mahasantri Darus-Sunnah International Institute for Hadith Sciences with a total of 32 people. While the sampling system in this study is a random sample. The results of this study indicate that contextual hadith reasoning has a sig. 0.008 which is less than 0.05 so it is said to have a significant effect between contextual hadith reasoning on religious radicalism. The magnitude of the influence of this hadith reasoning itself is 21.2%. The direction of the effect is negative with a magnitude of -.643 at a constant of 69.792. This means that there is a negative relationship between contextual hadith reasoning and religious radicalism. The more contextual a person's understanding of hadith is, the further away he is from radicalism.

A (NÃO) CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA TIPIFICAÇÃO DO CRIME DE CURANDEIRISMO PARA A DEMONIZAÇÃO DAS RELIGIÕES DE MATRIZES AFRICANAS

The observation of the data of religious intolerance in Brazil against Afro-Brazilian religions generates curiosity about the reasons why this occurs. Inserting Criminal Law as a matter of analysis, the crime of african traditional medicine provided for in Article 284 of the Penal Code might be assessed as a possible reflection of religious racism within the legal system. Whereas, in order to classify the aforementioned crime, the protected legal good is public security, the concept of health privileged by the ordering system will stand out, in contrast to those adopted by african cults. By demonizing these religions, the practice of healing is criminalized, but also a determined way of existing, being and remaining in this the world. The main objective of the research is, therefore, to verify if the typification of the healing crime contributes to the demonization of African-based religions. For that, the bibliographic research technique and the deductive method will be used. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the law functions as an instrument to maintain the interests of a certain racial group. With the work of political and legal forces legitimizing ethnocentrism and the persecution of AfroBrazilian religions, the typification of the crime of africn traditional medicine silences beliefs of African matrices, contributing to the increase of religious intolerance against them and perpetuating structural racism in the Brazilian legal system.

Religious intolerance: the maximum denial of alterity

It analyses aspects of religious intolerance in Brazil, its cause-and-effect relationship with radical proselytism, negative consequences for the exercise of the right to religious freedom and other human rights, some manifestations in the Brazilian multireligious scenario, some potentially effective instruments for prevention intolerance, among which are the practices of alterity. It shows that Brazil, does not present a chaotic picture in terms of intolerance, but has worrying records of persecution, discrimination and acts of violence, for religious reasons, which should serve as a warning for implementation of affirmative actions and public policies regarding the duty of respect and solidarity with others.

Racism and Religious Intolerance: A Critical Analysis of the Coloniality of Brazilian Christianity

This article examines the persistence of religious intolerance experienced by practitioners of Afro-Brazilian religions. Drawing from recent reports and historical resources on religious intolerance, it approaches religious diversity in Brazil from a decolonial perspective, pointing to the contradiction between the image of Brazil as a place where religious change and plurality occurs with minimal conflict and the painful reality experienced by practitioners of Afro-Brazilian religions. Picturing religious intolerance and racism as two faces of the same coin, it argues that both must be resisted. The article concludes with a call for a religious-racial literacy which is intercultural in nature and promises a path to overcome the insidious persistence of racism and religious intolerance. Such a way forward, however, demands a de-centering of Brazilian Christianity, despite its religious majority status, in favor of an epistemic humility which gives full consideration to the knowledge, memories, and lived experience of Afro-Brazilian religious practitioners.

Tolerant and Intolerant Messages

Messages that are communicated textually and erroneously are then received by individuals whose lack of religious knowledge encourages tolerant and intolerant behavior, resulting in interfaith violence as happened in Indonesia in the 90s. The research focused on the experience and meaning of the cleric in West Jakarta regarding tolerance and intolerance. The method to conduct this research is qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, through in-depth interviews with ten participants, then analyzed through horizonalization to form a general meaning and in-depth description of tolerance and intolerance.The results show that religious tolerance is interpreted as the freedom of every person to practice worship in accordance with their beliefs on the basis of mutual respect with other people of different religions to create an atmosphere conducive to the common good. This freedom is limited to the scope of each religion which manifests through mutual assistance in helping social and cultural issues.Religious intolerance is characterized by an attitude of disrespect for the worship activities of adherents of other religions arising from understanding textual teachings of religion, blind fanatics, and injustice that inhibits national and state unity. Religious intolerance is perceived not to happen if every religious adherent is willing and able to carry out their respective religious teachings. Forms of intolerance through disagreement and conflicting, destructive, hateful and envious in dealing with religious differences. This research has implications for the expansion of the implementation of the concepts of tolerance and intolerance, and policy changes in multi-religious countries.

Comparative Reading as an interfaith dialogue: Reincarnation in the Bhagavad Gita and Resurrection in Thomistic Theology

In a context such as India, religious differences are the focal point of almost every sociopolitical interaction amid growing religious intolerance. This article proposes comparative theology as a viable approach because it takes religious diversity seriously and accords due respect to other religious texts and practices. But while seeking knowledge that bridges religious boundaries, one may confront the possibility of confronting “logically inassimilable” differences in the form of conflicting truth claims. This article will argue that by using apologetics as a truth-seeking endeavor we can constructively approach such instances of cognitive dissonance. For this purpose, a comparative study of reincarnation from the Bhagavad Gita and the resurrection from Thomistic theology will be used as a case study.

Ocupações tradicionais e infâncias de terreiro: experiências de vida e cuidado em religiões de matriz africana/Traditional occupations and childhoods in the terreiro: life experiences and care in African-based religions

Introdução: Há distintas perspectivas sobre a infância. Assim, é necessário alargar os conhecimentos em Terapia Ocupacional a respeito dos cotidianos de crianças (Erês), sobretudo as de terreiro, que imprimem formas de envolvimento sagrado, baseado nas ocupações tradicionais, onde o dentro e o fora do terreiro possuem limites muito tênues. Objetivo: Compreender o envolvimento em ocupações tradicionais e os sentidos e implicações que estas exercem na vida cotidiana mais ampla de crianças de terreiro. Método: Foram conduzidas atividades dialogadas, durante o desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória em Terapia Ocupacional, com abordagem da pesquisa-participante, junto a sete crianças de um terreiro de candomblé na cidade de São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre outubro e novembro de 2016. Resultados: Foram produzidas atividades dialogadas, que facilitaram a produção de narrativas das crianças, sobre o cotidiano de terreiro. Um mural serviu de síntese das narrativas e identificação de quatro temas, que oportunizaram a discussão sobre ocupações tradicionais na infância, a saber: 1) Minha vida no terreiro; 2) Ser criança no terreiro; 3) Ser criança de terreiro fora do terreiro; e 4) O projeto Erê Yá L’omi. Discussão: Os temas destacam os sentidos de pertencimento, a construção identitária e as formas de lidar com as violências da intolerância religiosa na vida social mais ampla. Considerações finais: A tradição e a ancestralidade constituem elementos fundamentais do envolvimento ocupacional de crianças e jovens de terreiro. Este envolvimento se refere a uma tessitura intergeracional, pois estão intimamente coligadas à (re)existência e às funções e aprendizagens no terreiro.Palavras-chave: Ocupações tradicionais. Infância. Povos de terreiro. Comunidades. Terapia Ocupacional.Abstract Introduction: There are different perspectives on childhood. Thus, it is necessary to expand the knowledge in Occupational Therapy regarding the daily lives of children (Erês), especially those in the terreiro, which print forms of sacred involvement, based on traditional occupations, where the inside and outside of the terreiro have very tenuous limits. Aim: To understand the involvement in traditional occupations and the meanings and implications that these have in the wider daily life of children in the terreiro. Method: Dialogue activities were conducted during the development of a qualitative and exploratory research in Occupational Therapy, with a participant-research approach, with seven children from a candomblé terreiro in the city of São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between October and November 2016. Results: Graphic activities were produced that composed the children's narratives about the daily life of the terreiro. A mural served as a synthesis of the narratives and identification of four themes that made it possible to discuss traditional occupations in childhood, namely: 1) My life in the terreiro; 2) Being a child in the terreiro; 3) Being a child in a terreiro outside the terreiro; and 4) The Erê Yá L’omi project. Discussion: The themes highlight the senses of belonging, the identity construction and the ways of dealing with the violence of religious intolerance in the broader social life. Final considerations: Tradition and ancestry are fundamental elements of the occupational involvement of children and young people from the terreiro. This involvement refers to an intergenerational fabric, as they are closely linked to (re) existence and to the functions and learning in the terreiro.Keywords: Traditional occupations. Childhood. Terreiro’s folk. Communities. Occupational Therapy.ResumenIntroducción: Existen diferentes perspectivas sobre la infancia. Así, es necesario ampliar los conocimientos en Terapia Ocupacional sobre la vida cotidiana de los niños (Erês), especialmente los del terreiro, que imprimen formas de implicación sagrada, basadas en ocupaciones tradicionales, donde el interior y el exterior del terreiro tienen muchos límites tenues. Objetivo: Comprender la participación en las ocupaciones tradicionales y los significados e implicaciones que estas tienen en la vida cotidiana más amplia de los niños del terreiro. Método: Las actividades de diálogo se realizaron durante el desarrollo de una investigación cualitativa y exploratoria en Terapia Ocupacional, con un enfoque de investigación participante, con siete niños de un terreiro de candomblé en la ciudad de São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre octubre y noviembre 2016. Resultados: Se produjeron actividades gráficas que componían las narrativas infantiles sobre la vida cotidiana del terreiro. Un mural sirvió como síntesis de las narrativas e identificación de cuatro temas que permitieron discutir ocupaciones tradicionales en la infancia, a saber: 1) Mi vida en el terreiro; 2) Ser un niño en el terreiro; 3) Ser niño en un terreiro fuera del terreiro; y 4) El proyecto Erê Yá L’omi. Discusión: Los temas destacan los sentidos de pertenencia, la construcción de la identidad y las formas de abordar la violencia de la intolerancia religiosa en la vida social más amplia. Consideraciones finales: La tradición y la ascendencia son elementos fundamentales de la participación ocupacional de los niños y jóvenes del terreiro. Esta implicación se refiere a un tejido intergeneracional, ya que están estrechamente vinculados a la (re)existencia ya las funciones y aprendizajes en el terreiro.Palabras clave: Ocupaciones tradicionales. Infancia. Pueblos de terreiro. Comunidades. Terapia ocupacional.