Cartels and Regulation: Late Nineteenth-Century Railroad Collusion and the Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Ulen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Interstate Commerce Commission ◽  
Interstate Commerce ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation

FARMERS, CAPITALISM, AND GOVERNMENT IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309
Author(s):  
Ariel Ron
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Interstate Commerce Commission ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Interstate Commerce ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Global Eradication

In 1884, Congress created a new federal agency of unprecedented regulatory vision. Its officials soon acquired the capacity to summarily seize and destroy millions of dollars of property and thus to police the disposition of a stock of wealth worth more than the country's total capital invested in railroads. What was this federal colossus? It was the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), an agency that probably few historians know much about. Yet the hotly contested creation of the BAI—three years before the better-known Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)—amounts to an epochal expansion of federal powers. Housed within the already powerful Department of Agriculture (USDA), the BAI was charged with investigating and containing potentially devastating livestock epizootics such as bovine pleuropneumonia and, later, Texas fever. Its success at doing so was little short of astounding. By 1892 it had conceived and carried out the world's first area eradication program of an epidemic disease, in the process establishing a model for future global eradication efforts. More immediately, it bolstered an economy that, for all its industrialization, remained crucially identified with agriculture.

Ordering Empire and Democracy, 1902–1921

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-67
Author(s):  
Tobias Harper
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
British Empire ◽  
British Society ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Order ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter examines the creation of new orders at the beginning of the twentieth century, which was the culmination of a prolonged period of “unprecedented honorific inventiveness” starting in the late nineteenth century. In Britain the new Order of the British Empire was branded the “Order of Britain’s Democracy” in recognition of the fact that it extended far deeper into non-elite classes in British society than any previous honour. Between 1917 and 1921 more than 20,000 people in Britain and throughout the British Empire were added to this new Order. This was an unprecedented number, orders of magnitude larger than honours lists in previous years. While the new Order was successful in reaching a wider, more middle-class audience than the honours system before the war, which was socially narrow, there was a substantial backlash to what was widely perceived by elites to be an excessive (and diluting) opening-up of the “fount of honour.” This backlash was connected to political controversies about the sale of honours that eventually helped bring about Lloyd George’s downfall. This chapter also contains a brief description of all the components of the British honours system at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The Negro Buildings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Cardon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Negro ◽  
Black Professionals ◽  
Racial Science ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Southern Society ◽  
African American Leaders

Chapter 2 examines the creation of and role played by the Negro Buildings at the Atlanta and Nashville fairs. These African American–run buildings gave southern black professionals and clerics an opportunity to voice their own story of the South’s past, present, and future. The buildings presented an image of a “New Negro” who was well versed in the modern techniques of industry and agriculture. The Negro Building exhibits presented black southerners as a progressive and future-oriented people who challenged much of the evolutionary thinking and racial science of the late nineteenth century. At the same time, the Negro Buildings make clear the ways some African American leaders embraced the language of progress and civilization to accommodate white southern society.

The Rediscovery of Babylonia: European Travellers and the Development of Knowledge on Lower Mesopotamia, Sixteenth to Early Nineteenth Century

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Ooghe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Science ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation

Since the creation of its first disciplinary histories in the late nineteenth century, Near Eastern archaeology has perceived its origins largely in terms of individual breakthroughs, following the common precepts of a pre-Annales historiography. The founding figures mentioned in the works of Rogers, Hilprecht, Budge or Parrot were either great explorers, great scholars or, most importantly, great excavators. From Della Valle's first tentative explorations at Babylon in 1616 to the major excavations at Nineveh and Babylon three centuries later, Near Eastern archaeology saw itself as the fruit of individual discovery. ‘Real’ archaeology was furthermore perceived as a natural rather than a human science and subsequently taken to have originated in nineteenth-century positivism; earlier accounts were hinted at in only the briefest fashion.

Mock-Epic as a Byproduct of the Norm of Elevated Language

Target ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Weissbrod
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mock Epic ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Hebrew Tradition ◽  
Guys And Dolls

Abstract Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Hebrew underwent a process of revival. Despite the growing stratification of the language, literary translations into Hebrew were governed by a norm which dictated the use of an elevated style rooted in ancient Hebrew texts. This norm persisted at least until the 1960s. Motivated by the Hebrew tradition of employing the elevated style to produce the mock-epic, translators created mock-epic works independently of the source texts. This article describes the creation of the mock-epic in canonized and non canonized adult and children's literature, focusing on the Hebrew versions of Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews, Damon Runyon's Guys and Dolls, Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise and A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner.

Native Foreigners and the Ambiguity of Order and Identity: The Case of African Diasporas and Islamic Law in British Cameroon

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 97-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmony S. O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Colonial Government

Abstract:In 1947, the colonial government in British Cameroon established an Islamic court in the Grassfields to try cases involving the region's Muslim population, primarily comprised of Fulani and Hausa diaspora communities that had settled the area since the late nineteenth century. Colonial debates over the creation and purview of the court reveal uncertainties that permeated Indirect Rule's legal categories of native and non-native, or tribe and race, which were to be governed by customary and civil law, respectively. Comparing legal regimes in British Cameroon with Northern Nigeria, the homeland of “native” Hausa and Fulani, shows that Islamic law sat uneasily across the divide between customary and civil law. With the importation of the court to the Grassfields, where Fulani and Hausa transformed into “native foreigners,” the delineation between customary and civil law was rendered even more obscure, illustrating that it could never neatly correspond to constructions of race and tribe.

An Institutional Shelter: The Court of Wards in Late Nineteenth-Century Bihar

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand A. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Selective Institution ◽  
George Campbell ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation

The late nineteenth century was a period of selective institution-building by the British in India. Government's efforts were directed primarily towards the development of a more effective control and communications infrastructure. The initial impetus for such changes in Bengal came during the energetic administration of Sir George Campbell, the Lieutenant Governor from 1871 to 1874. Under his auspices, attempts were made to extend the administrative machinery down to the sub-district levels by the creation of sub-deputy collectorships and the revitalization of such local officials as kanungos (registrars), patwaris (village accountants) and chaukidars (village watchmen). Better connections to local society were also sought through institutions which linked government to its allies, such as municipal, local, and district boards, and the Court of Wards.

Saint-Saëns and Sophocles

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Steven Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Incidental Music ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation

Saint-Saëns's incidental music for Sophocles’ Antigone (Comédie-Française, 1893, trans. Meurice and Vacquerie) gives witness both to his engagement with culture classique and an experimental orientation in the context of fin-de-siècle music theatre. This essay situates Saint-Saëns's highly idiosyncratic score within the frame of late nineteenth-century research into ancient Greek music by François-Auguste Gevaert and Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray. It documents how Saint-Saëns aimed to participate in the creation of an authentic experience of ancient Greek theatre, one enhanced by the initiative of the Comédie-Française to stage its production at the open air Théâtre d'Orange in southern France. The article also shows the limitations of authenticity resulting from the nature of the translation as well as from Saint-Saëns's own compositional instincts.

scholarly journals John Fryer and the Shanghai Polytechnic: making space for science in nineteenth-century China

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Imperial China ◽  
Science Textbooks ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
John Fryer ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New System

The introduction of modern Western science into late imperial China naturally involved the creation of new linguistic spaces through the translation of science textbooks and the formation of a modern scientific lexicon, but it also required translation in another, physical, sense through the creation of institutions whereby the new system of practices and ideas could be transmitted. The Shanghai Polytechnic, opened in 1876 under the direction of John Fryer, was promoted as an academy for the ‘extension of learning’; this paper explores the role John Fryer and his Polytechnic played in making space for science in late nineteenth-century China.

“A True Woman Can Take Care of Herself”: The Debate over Prostitution in Hanover, 1906

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy R. Reagin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Large Market ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Low Wages

During the late nineteenth century, prostitution became the subject of controversy and debate because of an enormous increase in the number of prostitutes who walked the streets of all large European cities, including Hanover. This growth was a byproduct of rapid urbanization and of the frequent economic contractions that characterized urban economies. Young women who were drawn to the cities often found only low-paid or seasonal work. They turned to prostitution when other work was unobtainable, or, occasionally, prostituted themselves in order to supplement low wages or to support themselves when they were between jobs. The creation of a large market in prostitution was noted by many observers, some of whom estimated the population of prostitutes to be in the tens of thousands.

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