Energy Resources and Their Consumption

Power is a significant cause of economic growth and crucial to the sustainability of the economy. Energy consumption is an indicator of a nation's economic growth. Economic growth is focused, among other aspects, on the long-term acquisition of affordable, existing resources, and their use does not pollute the environment. Industrialization serves economic growth and consumes energy. In 2018, 68% of total capital power was consumed by largest energy-intensive areas. When fossil fuel is the primary source of energy, energy consumption is positively correlated with ecosystem cleanliness. Fossil fuels account for more than 70% of the decent energy expectations of India and other economies. In this chapter, problems related to non-renewable energy sources are discussed, and emphasis is given to use more renewable sources.

An Online Tool for Estimating Return-on-investment for Water Recycling at Nurseries

Water availability, quality, and management, particularly under climate change constraints and fierce competition for water resources, are challenging the sustainability of intensively irrigated nursery crops. We created an online tool to estimate costs and benefits of a water recycling investment at a commercial nursery, given data on the operation input by the user. The online tool returns a “regulatory risk score” based on the user’s drought and pollution risk. Then, using a partial budget approach, it returns net present value of the investment, upfront capital cost, and expected change in annual cash flow. The present article seeks to cross-validate this computer model with results reported in the case study literature. We aggregated data on 38 nurseries and greenhouses profiled in five published studies into a meta study dataset. These data validated the computer tool’s assumptions about the relationship of operation size to total capital cost. Separate simulations on the profitability effects of varying public water rates and price premia due to green marketing corroborated the findings of earlier studies. A major finding of the simulation analysis not previously emphasized in the literature is that capital cost and profit vary significantly with the precise method that is used to size the recapture pond. A “minimalist” approach to this decision is likely to be the most cost-effective, but growers should also keep stormwater runoff and other issues of environmental best practices in mind.

The review of the financial strategies of Polish pulp and paper companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The review of the financial strategies of Polish pulp and paper companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the financial strategy undertaken by the polish pulp and paper companies listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2018 - 2020. In this paper three most frequently used indicators characterising company’s financing strategy were analysed, namely: equity capital share in total capital, equity capital share in fixed assets and long-term debt share in total debt. The calculations used data from publicly available quarterly financial statements of the analysed enterprises for the period from 1st quarter of 2018 to 3rd quarter of 2020. The calculations showed that Kompap has a more moderate policy of financing its activity. The second company, Arctic Paper, was characterized by a more risky approach to the financing strategy.

Analysis of Financial Independence of Regency/City Governments in Java Island Based on Comparison and High Local Original Revenue (PAD)

The independence of the Regional Government is very important because in Indonesia since 1999 regional autonomy has been applied. However, the achievement of good performance still cannot be fulfilled by all Cities/Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationships and comparisons between various financial performance indicators in City/Regency Local Governments. All Cities/Regency on the island of Java are the population in this study. A sample of 113 Cities/Regency was taken based on predetermined criteria. A quantitative approach and descriptive analysis of all indicators were used to answer the research questions. The results of this study indicate that the comparison of PAD based on the type of region and regional potential in the five provinces on the island of Java is not evenly distributed. It was also found that the high PAD owned by the City/Regency became a factor supporting the high or increasing the value of other factors such as Total Assets and Total Capital Expenditure. This research is expected to reveal the performance of the City/Regency in terms of PAD and other related factors as an illustration of regional financial independence in the City/Regency.

Design and Analysis of Solar Water Pumping for Salt Production in Indonesia

Salt production farmers in Patutrejo Village, Purworejo Regency, spend nearly Rp. 10 million per year for diesel water pump operational costs. The cost of fuel is the heaviest financial burden for the farmers. Not only is it expensive, but fuel scarcity is also a serious issue causing the salt production capacity target cannot be assured, and the increasing demand for salt cannot be met. This study proposes using a solar water pump system (SWPS) as an alternative solution for the farmers to ensure and increase salt production. For a group of farmers in Patutrejo who require pumping around 35 m3 of seawater each day, a photovoltaic (PV) panel of 900 Wp and a DC pump of 700 Watt can perform the task sufficiently. The total capital cost of the SWPS is Rp. 90 million, with a simple payback period (SPP) of 9.5 years. The SPP would be shorter if future fuel price increases were taken into account. With a lifetime of up to 25 years, SWPS promises a long-term, practical, reliable, and sustainable solution for salt farmers in Patutrejo.

Cyprus Economy in the Light of Debt Problem

The model created by using the independent variables of total income, total capital, total savings, government expenditures, and employment, which I think has a significant impact on the growth of the Cyprus economy, has been examined in the light of the debt problem. Annual time-series data from 1995Q to 2017Q were obtained from the Cyprus State Planning Office in Cyprus. Unrestricted VAR (Vector Autoregression) model was used to test the causal relationship of the variables considered. Empirical findings revealed that some variables such as Wald test results for 78 lags, respectively, affect the GDP growth rate together. In particular, it was observed that there are bidirectional influences between employment, government expenditures, total capital, and savings which are not estimated in former studies. In addition, total income and total savings coefficients have a unidirectional influence on employment. It has been observed that the expenditure and savings coefficients also affect the total income.

Financial Stability and Economic Growth: Evidence from North Cyprus

Given the importance of public debt for financial stability and economic progress, this article examines the unstable economic growth rate in Northern Cyprus. The causal relationships between public debt, public expenditures, total capital, consumption, investment, employment, net exports, and GDP growth rate are questioned. This study used annual time series data between 1980 and 2018 obtained from the State Planning Organization. An unrestricted VAR model was used to test the causal relationship of these variables. Findings show that public debt has no direct effect on GDP. However, it indirectly affects the total capital and government expenditures as an independent variable. Except for public debt, all other variables have a value that will affect net exports. Unlike other studies, employment as an independent variable has the value of influencing GDP, total capital, consumption, government expenditures, and net exports as dependent variables. It has been observed that consumption, investment, and government expenditure coefficients have values that will affect GDP. Insufficient control of government practices, the North Cyprus government's inefficient plans to encourage domestic production, insufficient enforcement power of domestic producers, as well as increased capital outflows, increased government debt, and budget deficit are not sustainable models.

Features of investment development of agricultural enterprises

Investments in agricultural enterprises affect the volume of national GDP. At the same time, the development of the investment process in agriculture can have a significant synergistic effect, as investments belong to the gross accumulation of capital, which is one of the components of GDP. Real investment inflows to enterprises in the agro-industrial complex during 2015–2019 tended to increase. In 2019, compared to 2015, the volume of total capital investment in agriculture, forestry and fisheries increased by UAH 28.975 million or 196 %, which is a favorable condition for the development of domestic agricultural enterprises. During 2015–2020, there is a positive increase in capital investment in Ukraine's economy as a whole, but the share of capital investment in agriculture tends to decline annually, especially in 2020 compared to 2019, by 17 %. The decline in investment activity in agriculture is due to unstable macroeconomic and political factors in our country, limited purchasing power, the beginning of the global economic crisis, the gradual devaluation of the national currency, low efficiency of the agricultural sector. The volume of investment averages about 10 % of the total amount of capital investment in the country is quite low, despite the fact that the agricultural sector of our country has a fairly high potential for development and significant investment attractiveness. The dynamics of the share of investment in the national GDP and gross investment in the economy of Ukraine is characterized by a positive trend towards gradual growth during 2015–2019. In 2010, the volume of investments in the agricultural sector amounted to 1.5 % of GDP of our country and 3.3 % relative to gross investment, and in 2015 these figures were 2.3 % and 3.5 %, respectively. In 2019, these figures were 1.7 % and 4.8 %. That is, we can state that during the analyzed period there is an increase in the role of investment in the agricultural sector of the economy and in the formation of sustainable economic development potential of Ukraine. According to the results of 2018, agricultural enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership at the expense of all sources of funding mastered 64 billion UAH. capital investment, which is 127 % compared to the period of 2017 and 340 % compared to 2013. In 2014–2015, there was a decrease in investment activity in the agricultural sector due to the economic crisis in the country. In 2019–2020, the volume of capital investment in agricultural enterprises decreased by UAH 11 billion, which is a sign of deteriorating investment activity in the agricultural sector.

Measurement and Comparison of Efficiency of Saving and Loan Cooperatives in Jakarta, Indonesia, through the Stochastic Frontier Analysis

Savings and loan cooperatives play an important role in the Indonesian economy as they also contribute to providing capital in the local market. This study examines the efficiency of savings and loan cooperatives in terms of number of members, total capital and operating costs and their effects on profits, total assets, disbursed loans and debt repayments. Two types of savings and loan cooperatives studied are savings and loan cooperatives owned by government employees and savings and loan cooperatives owned by the general public (community owned). The efficiency of these two types of cooperatives is studied separately and comparatively using the parametric Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. and the research involved a total of 22 cooperatives from five areas in Jakarta. The results of the study used the SFA method and found that the average efficiency of community-owned cooperatives was greater than cooperatives owned by government employees. Received: 9 May 2021 / Accepted: 5 August 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Exergetic and Economic Evaluation of CO2 Liquefaction Processes

The transport of CO2, as a part of the carbon capture and storage chain, has received increased attention in the last decade. This paper aims to evaluate the most promising CO2 liquefaction processes that can be used for port-to-port and port–offshore CO2 ship transportation. The energetic, exergetic, and economic analyses are applied. The liquefaction pressure has been set to 15 bar (liquefaction temperature −30 °C), which corresponds to the design of the existing CO2 carriers. The three-stage vapor-compression process has been selected among closed systems (with propane-R290, ammonia-R717, and R134a as the working fluid) and the precooled Linde–Hampson process—as the open system (with R717). The three-stage vapor-compression process R290 shows the lowest energy consumption, and the CO2 liquefaction cost 21.3 USD/tCO2. Although the power consumption of precooled Linde–Hampson process is 3.1% higher than the vapor-compression process with R209, the lowest total capital expenditures are notable. The CO2 liquefaction cost of precooled Linde–Hampson process is 21.13 USD/tCO2. The exergetic efficiency of the three-stage vapor-compression process with R290 is 66.6%, while the precooled Linde–Hampson process is 64.8%.