scholarly journals Cavity surface wave patterns and general appearance

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brennen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Wave ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cavity Surface ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Instability Analysis ◽  
Instability Waves ◽  
Spatial Growth ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
General Appearance

Observations were made of the appearance of hydrodynamic cavities behind a series of axisymmetric headforms. Among the phenomena investigated was the transition of the interfacial or separated boundary layer on the cavity surface. The first stage of this process, namely the spatial growth of instability waves could be distinguished by means of high-speed photography. Comparison is made with a theoretical instability analysis.

The brittle fracture of solids by liquid impact, by solid impact, and by shock

1964 ◽  
Vol 282 (1390) ◽  
pp. 331-352 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Explosive Loading ◽  
Back Surface ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Liquid Mass ◽  
Liquid Impact ◽  
The Impact

The type of stress pulse produced when a liquid mass strikes a solid at high velocity is first examined. Compressible behaviour, giving rise to a sharp peak of pressure, is found to occur in the initial stages of the impact. The duration of this peak depends on the dimensions and impact velocity of the liquid mass, and also on the compressible wave velocity for the liquid. A comparison is made with pulses produced by solid/solid impact and by the detonation of small quantities of explosive. Both the high-speed liquid impact and the explosive loading give intense pulses of duration only a few microseconds. A solid/solid impact has, by comparison, a much longer impact time of the order of hundreds of microseconds. The fracture of glasses and hard polymers using these three types of loading is described. The development of fracture is followed by high-speed photography. Differences in the modes of fracture are attributed to variations in the shape and duration of the applied stress pulses. Short circumferential fractures produced around the loaded area in liquid impact and explosive loading are shown to be initiated by the Rayleigh surface wave at points where flaws existed. More complex fracture patterns on the front surfaces of plates are due to the reinforcement of the surface wave with components of stress waves reflected from the back surface. A combination of impact loading and etching makes it possible to investigate the distribution and depths of flaws, their role in the fracture process, and the effect which etching has upon them. The observation on the deformation produced in solids by liquid impact has practical significance in the problem of supersonic aircraft flying through rain and in the erosion of turbine blades moving at high velocity through wet steam.

Velocity distribution around a sphere descending in a linearly stratified fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 826 ◽  
pp. 759-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Okino ◽  
Shinsaku Akiyama ◽  
Hideshi Hanazaki
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Particle Image ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Stratified Fluid ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Wave Patterns

The flow around a sphere descending at constant speed in a salt-stratified fluid is observed by particle image velocimetry. A unique characteristic of this flow is the appearance of a thin and high-speed rear jet whose maximum velocity can reach more than five times the sphere velocity. In this study we have investigated how the velocity distributions, especially those in the jet and in the boundary layer of the sphere, vary when the Froude number $Fr(=W^{\ast }/N^{\ast }a^{\ast })$ or the Reynolds number $Re(=W^{\ast }(2a^{\ast })/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{\ast })$ ($W^{\ast }$: vertical velocity of the sphere, $N^{\ast }$: Brunt–Väisälä frequency, $a^{\ast }$: radius of the sphere, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{\ast }$: kinematic viscosity of the fluid) is changed. The results show that the radius of the jet and the thickness of the boundary layer are comparable, and they decrease for smaller Froude numbers and larger Reynolds numbers. Both of them are estimated at moderate Reynolds numbers by the primitive length scale of the stratified fluid ($l_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}}^{\ast }=\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{\ast }/N^{\ast }}$), or in non-dimensional form by $l_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}}^{\ast }/2a^{\ast }=(Fr/2Re)^{1/2}$. The overall velocity distribution in the lee of the sphere is measured to identify the internal wave patterns and their effect on the velocity variation along the jet. Corresponding numerical simulation results using the axisymmetry assumption are in agreement with the experimental results.

scholarly journals Faraday Waves in a Square Cell Network: The Effects of Varying the Cell Size

Fluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Franklin Peña-Polo ◽  
Ignacio Carvajal-Mariscal ◽  
Carlos A. Vargas ◽  
Leonardo Di G. Sigalotti
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Faraday Waves ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
Square Cells

We have conducted experiments of the Faraday instability in a network of square cells filled with water for driving frequencies and amplitudes in the intervals 10≤F≤22 Hz and 0.1≤A≤3 mm, respectively. The experiments were aimed at studying the effects of varying the size of the cells on the surface wave patterns. Images of the surface wave patterns were recorded with a high-speed camera. The time series of photographs composing each video was Fourier analyzed, and information about the waveforms was obtained by using a Pearson correlation analysis. For small square cells of side length l=2.5 cm, adjacent cells collaborate synchronously to form regular patterns of liquid bumps over the entire grid, while ordered matrices of oscillons are formed at higher frequencies. As the size of the cells is increased to l=5 cm, collective cell behaviour at lower frequencies is no longer observed. As the frequency is increased, a transition from three triangularly arranged oscillons within each cell to three, or even four, irregularly arranged oscillons is observed. The wave patterns, the waveforms and the energy content necessary to excite Faraday waves are seen to depend on the cell size.

Experimental Study on Jet Breakup Morphologies and Jet Characteristic Parameters of Non-circular Nozzles under Low-intermediate Pressures

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-632
Author(s):  
Yue Jiang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Lin Hua ◽  
Daming Zhang ◽  
Zakaria Issaka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Initial Section ◽  
Droplet Formation ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Breakup Length ◽  
Jet Breakup ◽  
Circular Jets ◽  
Pressure Water

Abstract. A High-Speed Photography (HSP) technique was used to investigate the breakup process and flow behavior of low-intermediate pressure water jets issued from square and triangular shaped nozzles. The non-circular orifices were designed based on the principle of equal flowrate with the same pressure in relation to the circular orifice. The breakup morphologies and boundary structures of the jets were studied under different nozzles and working pressures. Two forms of droplet formation and the process of droplet formation, in addition to the jet breakup lengths, initial amplitudes of surface waves and jet diffusion angles of different nozzles were evaluated. It was found that the jet presented a good continuity and fluidity in the initial section, and the fluid bands gradually appeared due to the air resistance and the jet break up as the disturbance intensifies. The degree of jet breakup was enhanced with the increase of pressure and cone nozzle angle. The random appearance of the fluid band structures and the dactylitic textures near the nozzles for non-circular jets appeared earlier than those produced by the circular jets. The small satellite droplets with different shapes and sizes were seen inside and outside the jet interface. Triangular jets exhibited the shortest breakup length, the initial amplitude of surface wave, and the diffusion angle of the jet at the same pressure were largest compared with square and circular jets. Two index equations of jet characteristic lengths and equivalent diameters of both circular and non-circular nozzles were fitted with a relative error of less than 10%, which means the fitting formulas are accurate. Keywords: Breakup length, High-speed photography, MATLAB simulation, Non-circular nozzle, Surface wave amplitude.

A Visual Study of Turbine Blade Pressure-Side Boundary Layers

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Han ◽  
W. R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Edge Region ◽  
Visual Study ◽  
Blade Cascade

Boundary layer characteristics on the pressure-side of a turbine airfoil were investigated experimentally in a three-blade cascade tunnel. The blades had a chord length of 21 in. to facilitate flow visualization and high-speed photography. The investigation revealed the existence of the Gortler’s vortices appearing in spurts in regions of severe curvature. In the trailing edge region, Karman vortices were detected and found to interact strongly with the Gortler’s vortices convected thereto.

Effect of Nozzle Shape and Polymer Additives on Water Jet Appearance

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hoyt ◽  
J. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Transition To Turbulence ◽  
Polymer Additives ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Spray Formation ◽  
Exit Surface

The effects of shape parameters on the performance of water-jet nozzles discharging in air were investigated using a camera specially adapted for jet photography. The boundary-layer developing on the exit surface of the nozzle is shown to account for the jet appearance revealed by high speed photography. Optimum nozzles seem to have the boundary-layer transition to turbulence inside the nozzle; transition outside the nozzle being accompanied by spray formation and early jet disruption. The effect of polymer additives seems to be earlier transition and a thinner turbulent boundary layer inside the nozzle which improves jet performance.

Experimental study of second-mode instability growth and breakdown in a hypersonic boundary layer using high-speed schlieren visualization

2016 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 471-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Laurence ◽  
A. Wagner ◽  
K. Hannemann
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Mode Instability ◽  
Instability Waves ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
Reflected Shock ◽  
Second Mode

Visualization experiments are performed to investigate the development of instability waves within the boundary layer on a slender cone under high Mach number conditions. The experimental facility is a reflected-shock wind tunnel, allowing both low (Mach-8 flight equivalent) and high-enthalpy conditions to be simulated. Second-mode instability waves are visualized using a high-speed schlieren set-up, with pulse bursting of the light source allowing the propagation speed of the wavepackets to be unambiguously resolved. This, in combination with wavelength information derived from the images, enables the calculation of the disturbance frequencies. At the lower-enthalpy conditions, we concentrate on the late laminar and transitional regions of the flow. General characteristics are revealed through time-resolved and ensemble-averaged spectra on both smooth and porous ceramic surfaces of the cone. Analysis of the development of individual wavepackets is then performed. It is found that the wavepacket structures evolve from a ‘rope-like’ appearance to become more interwoven as the disturbance nears breakdown. The wall-normal disturbance distributions of both the fundamental and first harmonic, which initially have local maxima at the wall and near $y/{\it\delta}=0.7$–0.75, exhibit an increase in signal energy close to the boundary-layer edge during this evolution. The structure angle of the disturbances also undergoes subtle changes as the wavepacket develops prior to breakdown. Experiments are also performed at high-enthalpy ($h_{0}\approx 12~\text{MJ}~\text{kg}^{-1}$) conditions in the laminar regime, and the visualization technique is shown to be capable of resolving wavepacket propagation speeds and frequencies at such conditions. The visualizations reveal a somewhat different wall-normal distribution to the low-enthalpy case, with the disturbance energy concentrated much more towards the wall. This is attributed to the highly cooled nature of the wall at high enthalpy.

scholarly journals A Visual Study of Turbine Blade Pressure-Side Boundary Layers

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lit S. Han ◽  
W. R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Edge Region ◽  
Visual Study ◽  
Blade Cascade

Boundary layer characteristics on the pressure-side of a turbine airfoil were investigated experimentally in a three-blade cascade tunnel. The blades had a chord length of 21 in. to facilitate flow visualization and high-speed photography. The investigation revealed the existence of the Gortler’s vortices appearing in spurts in regions of severe curvature. In the trailing edge region, Karman vortices were detected and found to interact strongly with the Gortler’s vortices convected thereto.

A discussion on deformation of solids by the impact of liquids, and its relation to rain damage in aircraft and missiles, to blade erosion in steam turbines, and to cavitation erosion - Stress waves, deformation and fracture caused by liquid impact

1966 ◽  
Vol 260 (1110) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rear Surface ◽  
Front Surface ◽  
Back Surface ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Ring Fracture ◽  
Liquid Mass ◽  
Liquid Impact ◽  
The Impact

When a liquid mass strikes a solid surface, compressible behaviour, giving rise to a sharp peak of pressure, may occur in the initial stages of the impact. The duration of the peak depends on the dimensions and impact velocity of the liquid mass, and also on the compressional wave velocity for the liquid. There are similarities between this type of loading and that produced by the detonation of small quantities of explosive, since both give intense pressure peaks of only a few microseconds’ duration. The fracture and deformation of glasses, hard polymers, single crystal and ceramic materials by liquid impact at velocities up to 1000 m/s is described and briefly compared with that produced by solid/solid impact and explosive loading. The detailed development of fracture has been followed by high speed photography. In brittle solids the main characteristics of damage on the front surface is a ring fracture surrounding a largely undamaged area. The ring fracture forms at the edge of the loaded area where high tensile forces develop during impact. Outside this main ring of fracture short circumferential cracks occur; these are shown to be initiated by the Rayleigh surface wave at points where flaws existed. More complex fracture patterns which appear on the front surface of plates are due to the reinforcement of the surface wave with components of stress reflected from the back surface. Thin plate specimens often exhibit ‘scabbing’ fracture at the rear surface; in brittle materials of low attenuation this form of damage can be of prime importance. Since the stress pulses producing fracture during liquid impact are short the fractures themselves remain short and discrete. By a combination of impact loading and etching it is possible to investigate the distribution and depth of flaws, their role in the fracture process, and the effect which etching has upon them.

Crack divergence phenomena in tempered glass

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Shin’ichi Aratani
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Divergence Angle ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Tempered Glass ◽  
Thick Glass

High speed photography using the Cranz-Schardin camera was performed to study the crack divergence and divergence angle in thermally tempered glass. A tempered 3.5 mm thick glass plate was used as a specimen. It was shown that two types of bifurcation and branching existed as the crack divergence. The divergence angle was smaller than the value calculated from the principle of optimal design and showed an acute angle.

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