scholarly journals In vitro chemotactic responses of Brugia pahangi infective larvae to sodium ions

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mitsui ◽  
M. Miura ◽  
D.A. Bome ◽  
Y. Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Deionized Water ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Significant Tendency ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractIn vitro chemotactic responses of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Brugia pahangi to NaCl, Na2HPO4, KCl, K2HPO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2 were assessed. Compared to deionized water as a control, 200 mm NaCl and 100 mm Na2HPO4 significantly attracted L3 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), whereas L3 were likely to avoid 200 mm KCl and 100 mm K2HPO4 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05). L3 showed no significant tendency to avoid or to be attracted to 200 mm CaCl2 and 200 mm MgCl2. Furthermore, NaCl exhibited a significant chemoattractant activity for L3 at a low concentration of 100 mm.

Studies with Brugia pahangi 12. The activity of levamisole

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Rogers ◽  
D. A. Denham
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Dose Levels

AbstractThe effects of levamisole on adults, third stage infective larvae, and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were studied in in vitro culture and in vivo against developing stages in the vector mosquito and in infected cats. In vitro the drug was effective only at dose levels much higher than can be tolerated by mammals. It was active against the developmental stages of the worm in the vector Aedes aegypti.The drug was strongly microfilaricidal in cats but less effective against adult worms.

In vitro trapping capability of Arthrobotrys spp. on infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Nacobbus aberrans

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mendoza-de Gives ◽  
E. Zavaleta-Mejia ◽  
D. Herrera-Rodriguez ◽  
H. Quiróz-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Nacobbus Aberrans

AbstractThe trapping capability of Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. conoides (Hyphomycetales) against third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae) was evaluated in an in vitro trial. Arthrobotrys oligospora showed a 35.87% and 25.71% trapping effectiveness against H. contortus infective larvae at 18 and 25°C, respectively; whereas the trapping capability of A. conoides was 92.17% and 90.40% at the same temperatures, respectively. Microscopic examination demonstrated that A. conoides spontaneously developed a large quantity of three-dimensional loops before the nematodes were added. Neither of the two species studied developed three-dimensional adhesive loops at 30°C, consequently no trapped nematode was observed. In a second trial, the trapping capability of A. conoides against H. contortus (L3) and second stage larvae (J2) of Nacobbus aberrans (Pratylenchidae), was evaluated at 25°C. The trapping capability shown by A. conoides was higher than 90% for both kinds of nematode. The possible use of A. conoides to control ovine haemonchosis is discussed.

Possible direct effect of diethylcarbamazine on the infective larvae of Brugia pahangi

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-301
Author(s):  
Yasunori Fujimaki ◽  
Masaaki Shimada ◽  
Yoshinori Mitsui ◽  
Eisaku Kimura ◽  
Yoshiki Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Foetal Bovine Serum

ABSTRACTThe direct action of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on the infective larvae of Brugia pahangi was studied. The larvae were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with foetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 22 days. Most of the larvae remained alive for 8 days, but survival rate of larvae decreased rapidly from day 10 onwards. The larvae did not grow in the culture system. The addition of DEC did not affect the morbidity of the larvae and no difference was observed in the morphological characteristics between the larvae cultured in the presence or absence of DEC.The infective larvae were cultured in vitro for 5 days in the presence or absence of DEC, and inoculated into jirds. The animals were necropsied at intervals, and developing larvae and adult worms were recovered. When the larvae were cultured without DEC and then inoculated subcutaneously into jirds, 29.8% of the inoculum was recovered 3–15 days, and 25% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. However, when the larvae were exposed to DEC in vitro and inoculated into jirds, the rate of recovery was reduced to 25% 3–15 days post-inoculation and 2% after 19–22 weeks. When the control larvae cultured in vitro were inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, 41·3% of inoculum was recovered 3–15 days, and 42·8% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. Again the corresponding value for larvae exposed to DEC in vitro was reduced to 19.8% 3–15 days, and 8% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. It was observed that the larvae exposed to DEC in vitro were retarded in their development in jirds. These results indicate that DEC has a direct action against the infective larvae of B. pahangi.

scholarly journals Regulatory T Cells Modulate Th2 Responses Induced by Brugia pahangi Third-Stage Larvae

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 4034-4042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Gillan ◽  
Eileen Devaney
Keyword(s):  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Th2 Responses ◽  
Proliferation In Vitro

ABSTRACT Infection of BALB/c mice with Brugia pahangi third-stage larvae (L3) results in the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 with a resultant down-regulation in Th1 responses. Previously, this was thought to reflect a skewing of immune responses towards a Th2 phenotype by the infective stage of the parasite. In this study, we show that exposure to the L3 of Brugia also induces the expansion of a population of CD4 cells that express CD25 and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in an IL-4-independent fashion. By quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we show that the CD25+ population is highly enriched in mRNA for the Foxp3 transcription factor and that these cells express significantly more IL-10 mRNA than the CD25− population, suggesting a likely regulatory phenotype. The functional capacity of these cells was demonstrated using a neutralizing CD25 monoclonal antibody (MAb). Mice treated with this MAb demonstrated elevated levels of antigen (Ag)-specific proliferation in vitro, and levels of Ag-specific Th2 cytokines were significantly increased. These results suggest a complex network of regulation in L3-infected mice with Th2 cells limiting the Th1 response, while T-regulatory cells modulate Th2 responses.

In vitro nematicidal effects of medicinal plants from the Sierra de Huautla, Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. López-Aroche ◽  
D.O. Salinas-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mendoza de Gives ◽  
M.E. López-Arellano ◽  
E. Liébano-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractTwenty extracts from plants from Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico were evaluated against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in an in vitro assay. The plant species evaluated were Bursera copallifera, B. grandifolia, Lippia graveolens, Passiflora mexicana, Prosopis laevigata, Randia echinocarpa and Urtica dioica. The plants were separated into their parts and macerated with different solvents (n-hexane, acetone, ethanol and methanol). An in vitro assay was used to evaluate the anthelmintic activity against unsheathed third stage H. contortus infective larvae. The experiment was carried out in 24-well cell culture plates at room temperature with three replicates per treatment and using a concentration of 20 mg ml− 1. Ten 5 μl aliquots were taken from the corresponding wells and deposited on a slide for microscopical observation at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exposure. The evaluation criteria were based on the average numbers of live and/or dead larvae in the different treatments. Alive and dead larval numbers were statistically analysed through the ANOVA test (P>0.01). The Tukey test was used as a complementary tool to determine which treatment was different from the other treatments (P>0.05). The highest mortality was observed with P. laevigata hexanic extract from stem and leaves combined, which produced 51%, 81% and 86% larval mortality at 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure, respectively. On the other hand, B. copallifera stem acetonic extract exhibited 18%, 59% and 66% nematicidal activity after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, respectively.

DEC-inhibited development of third-stage Brugia pahangi in vitro

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunori Fujimaki ◽  
Masaaki Shimada ◽  
Eisaku Kimura ◽  
Yoshiki Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Third Stage

The uptake in vitro of dyes, monosaccharides and amino acids by the filarial worm Brugia pahangi

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Chen ◽  
R. E. Howells
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Scintillation Counting ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Filarial Worm ◽  
Aspiculuris Tetraptera

SUMMARYThe uptake in vitro of various substances by Brugia pahangi was investigated using infective larvae obtained from Aedes aegypti and worms removed from Meriones unguiculatus at 2, 3, 10, 20 and 90 days post-infection. Worms incubated in growth medium 199 containing 1% Trypan blue possessed demonstrable dye in the oral orifice, the anterior oesophageal lumen and the external openings of the vulva and the cloaca or anus but the dye was not found in the gut lumen even after incubation for 24 h. No uptake of ferritin particles into the intestine of the worms was found and no fluorescence could be demonstrated in the gut lumen of worms incubated in medium containing 50% (v/v) fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated calf serum for up to 24 h. Trypan blue uptake by the gut of Aspiculuris tetraptera was clearly observed after incubation for several hours. The uptake of D-glucose and L-leucine by B. pahangi was demonstrated using autoradiographic and scintillation counting techniques and incorporation into worm tissues was detected. Glucose was found to be readily incorporated in the apical, glycogen-rich areas of the myocytes of worms of all ages studied and in the uterine epithelium of the adult female. In contrast, a lower incorporation of D-glucose was found in the eggs, embryos and vas deferens and especially in the gut. The incorporation of L-leucine occurred throughout the tissue of the worms during a 30 mm incubation. Labelling was also located over the surface of the cuticle of the worms, when incubated for a period of 15 to 60 mm in L-[3H]leucine. Scintillation counting techniques demonstrated that there was no uptake of 14C-labelled L-glucose or sucrose by B. pahangi. The data presented on the uptake in vitro of nutrients or other compounds by infective larvae and adult stages of B. pahangi did not demonstrate an intestinal route of uptake but indicated that the transcuticular route of uptake may be employed.

scholarly journals Condensed tannins and gastro-intestinal parasites in sheep

1999 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Molan ◽  
G.C. Waghorn ◽  
W.C. Mcnabb
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Principal Method

As the effectiveness of current anthelmintic drenches is being reduced by the emergence of drench resistance and significant production losses may still occur as a result of continuing larval challenge, strategies for nematode control should focus on preventing the build-up of infective larvae on pasture rather than treating the infection. This paper reports the effects of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus corniculatus, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and sainfoin (Onobrychus viciifolia) on in vitro viability of eggs, first stage larvae (L1) and third stage larvae (L3) of the sheep nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. When in vitro assays contained CT in a similar concentrations to that in the digestive tract of sheep fed these forages, the CT reduced the development of eggs to L3 larvae as well as the proportion of eggs hatching. The CT also reduced the development of L1 larvae to L3 larvae and decreased the motility of L3 larvae when assessed by the larval migration inhibition assay and this may reduce their infective capacity in vivo. If these forages are fed to grazing sheep, then it may be possible to reduce contamination of pasture with infective larvae and reduce our dependence on anthelmintics as the principal method for controlling internal parasites. Keywords: condensed tannins, drench resistance, egg hatching, larval development, Lotus, parasites, sainfoin, sulla, Trichostrongylus colubriformis

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