Induction of protection in murine experimental models againstTrichinella spiralis: an up-to-date review

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ortega-Pierres ◽  
A. Vaquero-Vera ◽  
R. Fonseca-Liñán ◽  
R.M. Bermúdez-Cruz ◽  
R. Argüello-García
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Transmission Prevention

AbstractThe parasitic nematodeTrichinella spiralis, an aetiological agent of the disease known as trichinellosis, infects wild and domestic animals through contaminated pig meat, which is the major source forTrichinellatransmission. Prevention of this disease by interrupting parasite transmission includes vaccine development for livestock; however, major challenges to this strategy are the complexity of theT. spiralislife cycle, diversity of stage-specific antigens, immune-evasion strategies and the modulatory effect of host responses. Different approaches have been taken to induce protective immune responses byT. spiralisimmunogens. These include the use of whole extracts or excretory–secretory antigens, as well as recombinant proteins or synthesized epitopes, using murine experimental models for trichinellosis. Here these schemes are reviewed and discussed, and new proposals envisioned to block the zoonotic transmission of this parasite.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19: From Dysregulated Immunity to Vaccination Status Quo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby A. Escobedo ◽  
Dhiraj K. Singh ◽  
Deepak Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Life And Death

The development of vaccines against infectious diseases has helped us battle the greatest threat to public health. With the emergence of novel viruses, targeted immunotherapeutics ranging from informed vaccine development to personalized medicine may be the very thing that separates us between life and death. Late in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), made a remarkable entrance to human civilization, being one of many to cross the species barrier. This review discusses the important aspects of COVID-19, providing a brief overview of our current understanding of dysregulated immune responses developed using various experimental models, a brief outline of experimental models of COVID-19 and more importantly, the rapid development of vaccines against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Contribution of noncanonical antigens to virulence and adaptive immunity in human infection with enterotoxigenic E. coli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
FM Kuhlmann ◽  
RO Laine ◽  
S Afrin ◽  
R Nakajima ◽  
M Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Colonization Factors

AbstractEnterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) contribute significantly to the substantial burden of infectious diarrhea among children living in low and middle income countries. In the absence of a vaccine for ETEC, children succumb to acute dehydration as well as non-diarrheal sequelae related to these infections including malnutrition. The considerable diversity of ETEC genomes has complicated canonical vaccine development approaches focused on a subset of antigens known as colonization factors (CFs). To identify additional conserved immunogens, we mined genomic sequences of 89 ETEC isolates, bioinformatically selected potential surface-exposed pathovar-specific antigens conserved in more than 40% of the genomes (n=118), and assembled the representative proteins onto microarrays, complemented with known or putative colonization factor subunit molecules (n=52), and toxin subunits to interrogate samples from individuals with acute symptomatic ETEC infections. Surprisingly, in this open-aperture approach, we found that immune responses were largely constrained to a small number of antigens including individual colonization factor antigens and EtpA, an extracellular adhesin. In a Bangladeshi cohort of naturally infected children < 2 years of age, both EtpA and a second noncanonical antigen, EatA, elicited significant serologic responses that were associated with protection from symptomatic illness. In addition, children infected with ETEC isolates bearing either etpA or eatA genes were significantly more likely to develop symptomatic disease. These studies support a role for more recently discovered noncanonical antigens in virulence and the development of adaptive immune responses during ETEC infections, findings that may inform vaccine design efforts to complement existing approaches.

scholarly journals Human immune responses during schistosomiasis mansoni

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gazzinelli ◽  
Daniel G. Colley
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Host Parasite

Studies of immune responses as they occur in patients with schistosomiasis appear to progress relative to corrent technological advances, and to advance despite the understandable inability to pursue in vivo manipulations in this host/parasite system. Emphasis is most often placed on making immunological comparisons between such patient groups as reinfected/non-reinfected, intestinals/hepatosplenic, high/low intensities of infection, infected/uninfected within endemic areas, and those born of infected/uninfected mothers. Based on these types of comparisons, reasonable conjectures can be made regarding the immunological occurrences during this chronic exposure condition. Some consideration is now being given to the immune mechanisms of some of the observations made, and while some of these must then be carried back to experimental models for further manipulation-based analysis, new technological developments continue to assist in the field/bench ability to ask questions that might assist our understanding to a point where this knowledge can be applied to shaping developmental approaches to vaccine development and the goal of alleviating morbidity.

scholarly journals Contribution of noncanonical antigens to virulence and adaptive immunity in human infection with enterotoxigenic E. coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Kuhlmann ◽  
R. O. Laine ◽  
S Afrin ◽  
R Nakajima ◽  
M Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Colonization Factors

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) contribute significantly to the substantial burden of infectious diarrhea among children living in low and middle income countries. In the absence of a vaccine for ETEC, children succumb to acute dehydration as well as non-diarrheal sequelae related to these infections including malnutrition. The considerable diversity of ETEC genomes has complicated canonical vaccine development approaches defined by a subset of ETEC pathovar-specific antigens known as colonization factors (CFs). To identify additional conserved immunogens unique to this pathovar we employed an “open-aperture” approach to capture all potential conserved ETEC surface antigens in which we mined genomic sequences of 89 ETEC isolates, bioinformatically selected potential surface-exposed pathovar-specific antigens conserved in more than 40% of the genomes (n=118), and assembled the representative proteins onto microarrays, complemented with known or putative colonization factor subunit molecules (n=52), and toxin subunits. These arrays were then used to interrogate samples from individuals with acute symptomatic ETEC infections. Surprisingly, in this approach, we found that immune responses were largely constrained to a small number of antigens including individual colonization factor antigens and EtpA, an extracellular adhesin. In a Bangladeshi cohort of naturally infected children < 2 years of age, both EtpA and a second antigen, EatA, elicited significant serologic responses that were associated with protection from symptomatic illness. In addition, children infected with ETEC isolates bearing either etpA or eatA genes were significantly more likely to develop symptomatic disease. These studies support a role for antigens not presently targeted by vaccines (non-canonical) in virulence and the development of adaptive immune responses during ETEC infections. These findings that may inform vaccine design efforts to complement existing approaches.

scholarly journals Principles and Challenges in anti-COVID-19 Vaccine Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zuzana Strizova ◽  
Jitka Smetanova ◽  
Jirina Bartunkova ◽  
Tomas Milota
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Health It ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
Safe Vaccine

The number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients keeps rising in most of the European countries despite the pandemic precaution measures. The current antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches are only supportive, have limited efficacy, and the prevention in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus is the best hope for public health. It is presumed that an effective vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection could mobilize the innate and adaptive immune responses and provide a protection against severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. As the race for the effective and safe vaccine has begun, different strategies were introduced. To date, viral vector-based vaccines, genetic vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and protein-based vaccines are the major vaccine types tested in the clinical trials. Over 80 clinical trials have been initiated; however, only 18 vaccines have reached the clinical phase II/III or III, and 4 vaccine candidates are under consideration or have been approved for the use so far. In addition, the protective effect of the off-target vaccines, such as <i>Bacillus</i> Calmette-Guérin and measles vaccine, is being explored in randomized prospective clinical trials with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this review, we discuss the most promising anti-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and different vaccination strategies in order to provide more clarity into the ongoing clinical trials.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Mechanisms of Vaccination and Immunity

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Speiser ◽  
Martin F. Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Public Life ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Pros And Cons

Vaccines are needed to protect from SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Vaccines that induce large quantities of high affinity virus-neutralizing antibodies may optimally prevent infection and avoid unfavorable effects. Vaccination trials require precise clinical management, complemented with detailed evaluation of safety and immune responses. Here, we review the pros and cons of available vaccine platforms and options to accelerate vaccine development towards the safe immunization of the world’s population against SARS-CoV-2. Favorable vaccines, used in well-designed vaccination strategies, may be critical for limiting harm and promoting trust and a long-term return to normal public life and economy.

scholarly journals Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses in support of dengue vaccine development efforts

Vaccine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (50) ◽  
pp. 7083-7090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Rothman ◽  
Jeffrey R. Currier ◽  
Heather L. Friberg ◽  
Anuja Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Dengue Vaccine

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Honglei Wang ◽  
Yangyang Xu ◽  
Wenhai Feng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.

Tumor Microenvironment-Triggered In-Situ Cancer Vaccines with Dual Immunogenic Cell Death Inductions for Elevated Antitumor and Antimetastatic Therapy

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Lin ◽  
Binbin Ding ◽  
Pan Zheng ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Meifang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Specific Antigens

Cancer vaccine is to make tumor-specific antigens into vaccines, which then are injected back into the body to activate immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. Despite the high specificity and therapeutic...

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