Ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and gastrodermal cells of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment in vivo with a commercial preparation of myrrh (Mirazid)

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M.O. Abdelaal ◽  
G.P. Brennan ◽  
A. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
I. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Somatic Muscle ◽  
Secretory Body ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Body Production ◽  
Tegumental Syncytium

AbstractAn in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor changes to the tegument and gut of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment with myrrh (‘Mirazid’). Rats infected with the triclabendazole-resistant Dutch isolate were dosed orally with Mirazid at a concentration of 250 mg/kg and flukes recovered 2, 3 and 7 days post-treatment (pt). The flukes were processed for examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A variety of changes to the external surface were observed, culminating in the sloughing of the tegumental syncytium. Internal changes to the syncytium and tegumental cell bodies were more severe and were evident from 2 days pt onwards. Swelling of the basal infolds (leading to flooding of the surface layer) and a decline in secretory body production were the major changes seen. The gastrodermal cells were less severely affected than the tegument, pointing to a trans-tegumental route of uptake for Mirazid by the fluke. Some loss of muscle fibres in the main somatic muscle layers was observed, which may be correlated with the decline in movement of flukes seen at recovery.

Ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and the gastrodermal cells in adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with the experimental fasciolicide, compound alpha

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McCONVILLE ◽  
G. P. BRENNAN ◽  
A. FLANAGAN ◽  
H. W. J. EDGAR ◽  
R. CASTILLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Somatic Muscle ◽  
Tegumental Cell ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Tegumental Syncytium

SUMMARYSheep infected with the triclabendazole-susceptible, Cullompton isolate of Fasciola hepatica were dosed with 15 mg/kg of compound alpha at 12 weeks post-infection. Adult flukes were recovered from the bile ducts at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p.t.). Ultrastructural changes to the flukes were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with a view to gathering information on the mechanism(s) of action for compound alpha and on the possible route of its entry into F. hepatica. The tegumental syncytium was more severely affected than the gut at all time-points p.t. with compound alpha, suggesting a predominantly trans-tegumental route of uptake. Disruption to the tegumental system became increasingly severe over time. A stress response was observed at 24 h p.t. and took the form of blebbing and increases in the production and transport of secretory bodies. By 72 h p.t., extensive tegumental loss and degeneration of the tegumental cell bodies had occurred. Degeneration of subtegumental tissues and internal flooding were also observed. Changes in the gastrodermal cells were slow to develop: reduced secretory activity was evident at 72 h p.t.. There was progressive disruption to the somatic muscle layers, with disorganization of the muscle blocks and loss of muscle fibres.

Ivermectin-Induced Hypertrophic Changes in Adult Canine Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) Gut Epithelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1144-1145
Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
J. W. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Muscle Paralysis ◽  
Somatic Muscle ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hypertrophic Changes

Ivermectin is a drug widely utilized for its anthelminthic activity over a diverse range of animal parasites. It has proved to be particularly useful in the prophylaxis of infection by the heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs and cats. Although its application in this respect has been as a filaricide in preventing early growth and maturation of naturally acquired larvae, it is known to have activity against young adults as well. Previous studies have shown that in vitro exposure to ivermectin induces somatic muscle paralysis in the nematode Haemonchus contortus, resulting in pharyngeal dysfunction and disruption of normal ingestion. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of in vivo exposure of adult canine heartworms to this drug.Adult heartworms were harvested from groups of dogs treated monthly with ivermectin beginning four to five months after inoculation of infective larvae and from untreated control dogs. Live worms from both experimental and control dogs were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for conventional transmission electron microscopy.

Ultrastructural changes in the tegument and gut of adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with artesunate

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. O'Neill ◽  
R.C. Johnston ◽  
L. Halferty ◽  
G.P. Brennan ◽  
I. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
In Vivo Treatment

Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. O'Neill ◽  
R.C. Johnston ◽  
L. Halferty ◽  
R.E.B. Hanna ◽  
G.P. Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Abnormal Mitochondria

AbstractAn in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor changes to the spermatogenic cells in the testis tubules of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment with the artemisinins, artemether and artesunate. Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt). Rats infected with the TCBZ-resistant Oberon isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h pt. The flukes were processed for histological and transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. Changes to the spermatogenic cells were evident at 24 h pt with artemether. The spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells contained abnormal mitochondria, there were fewer spermatids and spermatozoa in the tubules than normal, and a number of cells showed signs of apoptosis. There was a further decline in cell numbers at 48 h pt and the organization of the spermatocyte and spermatid rosettes was atypical. Sperm formation had become abnormal and those spermatozoa present possessed only a single axoneme. By 72 h pt, the testis tubules were vacuolated and filled with abnormal cells and cell debris. Only spermatogonial cells could be identified and there was widespread evidence of apoptosis in the cells. Distinct cellular changes following artesunate treatment did not become apparent until 48 h pt. The changes seen were similar to those described for artemether, but were generally less severe at matching time-periods. The fine structural changes occurring in the spermatogenic cells were compared to those observed in other cell types and fluke tissues and the overall information was collated to identify the cellular targets for artemisinin action and to establish the time-line for drug action.

scholarly journals Neurobehavioral and Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Phytosynthesized Silver-Nanoparticle Toxicity in an In Vivo Rat Model

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Razvan Vlad Opris ◽  
Vlad Toma ◽  
Alina Mihaela Baciu ◽  
Remus Moldovan ◽  
Bogdan Dume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Altered Cell

(1) Background: The study aimed to assess neurobehavioral, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes induced by silver nanoparticles synthesized with Cornus mas L. extract (AgNPs-CM) in rat brains. (2) Methods: The study included 36 male adult rats divided into three groups. Over a period of 45 days, AgNPs-CM (0.8 and 1.5 mg/kg b.w.) were administered daily by gavage to two of the groups, while the control group received the vehicle used for AgNP. After treatment, OFT and EPM tests were conducted in order to assess neurobehavioral changes. Six of the animals from each group were sacrificed immediately after completion of treatment, while the remaining six were allowed to recuperate for an additional 15 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), GFAP immunohistochemistry, and evaluation of TNFα, IL-6, MDA, and CAT activity were performed on the frontal cortex and hippocampus. (3) Results: Treated animals displayed a dose- and time-dependent increase in anxiety-like behavior and severe ultrastructural changes in neurons, astrocytes, and capillaries in both brain regions. Immunohistochemistry displayed astrogliosis with altered cell morphology. TNFα, IL-6, MDA, and CAT activity were significantly altered, depending on brain region and time post exposure. (4) Conclusions: AgNPs-CM induced neurobehavioral changes and severe cell lesions that continued to escalate after cessation of exposure.

Ultrastructural changes induced in the tegument and gut of Fasciola hepatica following in vivo and in vitro drug treatment with nitroxynil (Trodax)

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. McKinstry ◽  
G. P. Brennan ◽  
L. Halferty ◽  
A. B. Forbes ◽  
I. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Morphological Effects of TDT 067 (Terbinafine in Transfersome) and Conventional Terbinafine on Dermatophyte HyphaeIn VitroandIn Vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 2530-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghannoum ◽  
N. Isham ◽  
W. Henry ◽  
H.-A. Kroon ◽  
S. Yurdakul
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nail Bed ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Complete Disruption

ABSTRACTTDT 067 is a novel, carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine in Transfersome (1.5%) formulated for topical delivery of terbinafine to the nail, nail bed, and surrounding tissue. We examined the effects of TDT 067 and conventional terbinafine on the morphology of dermatophytes.Trichophyton rubrumhyphae were exposed to TDT 067 or terbinafine (15 mg/ml) and examined under white light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subungual debris from patients treated with TDT 067 in a clinical trial was also examined. Exposure ofT. rubrumhyphae to TDT 067 led to rapid and extensive ultrastructural changes. Hyphal distortion was evident as early as 4 h after exposure to TDT 067. After 24 h, there was complete disruption of hyphal structure with few intact hyphae remaining. Exposure to terbinafine resulted in morphological alterations similar to those seen with TDT 067; however, the effects of TDT 067 were more extensive, whereas a portion of hyphae remained intact after 24 h of exposure to terbinafine. Lipid droplets were observed under TEM following 30 min of exposure to TDT 067, which after 24 h had filled the intracellular space. These effects were confirmedin vivoin subungual debris from patients with onychomycosis who received topical treatment with TDT 067. The Transfersome in TDT 067 may potentiate the action of terbinafine by delivering terbinafine more effectively to its site of action inside the fungus. Ourin vivodata confirm that TDT 067 can enter fungus in the nail bed of patients with onychomycosis and exert its antifungal effects.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural study of adult Haemonchus contortus exposed to polyphenol-rich materials under in vivo conditions in goats

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintli Martínez-Ortiz-de-Montellano ◽  
Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta ◽  
Isabelle Fourquaux ◽  
Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro ◽  
Hervé Hoste
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

This study assessed the ultrastructural changes caused in adult Haemonchus contortus obtained from goats fed fodder based on polyphenol-rich plants Lysiloma latisiliquum or Onobrychis viciifolia or from goats drenched with quebracho extract, Schinopsis spp. The H. contortus were obtained from artificially infected goats used as models to investigate the anthelmintic effect of feeding or drenching with the polyphenol-rich materials. Nematode populations were exposed to polyphenol-rich plant materials by feeding host goats for 8 consecutive days (D28 to D35 post-infection) with (a) L. latisiliquum fodder at 800 g fresh basis/day, (b) O. viciifolia fodder offered ad libitum, and (c) drenched with a solution containing quebracho extract (90 g/day). Meanwhile, control H. contortus were obtained from goats fed polyphenol-free diets. The H. contortus specimens were recovered from the goats on D36 post-infection, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to identify ultrastructural changes. In vivo exposure to different polyphenol-rich plant materials caused vacuolization of the nematodes’ intestinal, muscular and hypodermal cells. These alterations represent the first evidence of cell damage caused in H. contortus when hosts were fed or drenched with polyphenol-rich materials. Ultrastructural changes affecting several types of cells could explain modifications in worm motility and nutrition, eventually affecting H. contortus reproductive success. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of polyphenol-rich plants against H. contortus when given as nutraceuticals to goats.

The effect of the sulphoxide metabolite of triclabendazole (‘Fasinex’) on the tegument of mature and immature stages of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Stitt ◽  
I. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Adult Fluke ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Time Periods

SummaryThe effects of the novel benzimidazole, triclabendazole (TCBZ) (‘Fasinex’, Ciba-Geigy), in its active sulphoxide metabolite form (TCBZ-SX), on the tegumental ultrastructure of Fasciola hepatica were determined in vitro by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using both intact flukes and tissue-slice material. At a concentration of 15 µ/ml, the tegument of the whole adult fluke showed ultrastructural changes only after prolonged time-periods, with vacuolation at the base of the syncytium and accumulation of T2 secretory bodies in the tegumental cells. At a concentration of 50 µ/ml, with both whole flukes and tissue-slices, the tegument appeared extremely abnormal with accumulation of secretory bodies towards the base of the syncytium. With longer incubation times, the tegument was completely sloughed away and the tegumental cells became synthetically inactive. The tegument of the 3-week-old juvenile became progressively convoluted at the apex, while in the basal regions there was severe vacuolation. In the tegumental cells, there were accumulations of T1 secretory bodies. These results confirm TCBZ as a potent fasciolicide, being very effective in disrupting the fluke tegument. They may go some way to explain the mode of action of this important fasciolicide.

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