Irisin Association with Ki-67, MCM3 and MT-I/II in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Larynx

Background: Current studies indicate irisin role in carcinogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of irisin in LSCCs and to determine its association with clinicopathological factors, as well as recognized markers of proliferation, i.e., Ki-67 and MCM3,5,7 and MT-I/II proteins. Material and methods: The research material consisted of 140 cases of LSCCs, 57 cases of laryngeal papillomas (BLs) and 14 controls (benign hypertrophic changes). Tissue microarrays were used to perform IHC. Western blot and immunofluorescence were performed in laryngeal cancer cell lines and normal keratinocytes. Results: Irisin expression levels were significantly increased in LSCC compared to BLs (p < 0.0001) and controls (p = 0.001). We noted a positive moderate and weak correlation between irisin and Ki-67, MCM3 and MT-I/II. We observed an elevated level of irisin expression with increasing tumor size (T1–2 vs. T3–4; p = 0.0348). The levels of irisin were higher in N0 than in N1 and N2–3 (p = 0.0031 and p = 0.0457, respectively). Our in vitro study revealed a higher level of irisin in Larynx Epidermoid Carcinoma 2 (HEp-2) cells compared to the control Normal Human Keratinocyte (HaCat) cell line. Conclusions: Increased irisin expression levels in LSCC and its correlation with clinicopathological and proliferation factors may indicate the potential role of irisin as a biomarker in the diagnostic process of LSCC.

Biological Properties and Pathological Stages of Chondrocyte Colony-like Clusters in Osteoarthritic Cartilage Tissue

Objective:In these studies,we investigated the timing and location of chondrocyte colony-like clusters in cartilage tissue during the development of human knee osteoarthritis(OA),and explored the biological properties of chondrocytes in colony-like clusters and their significance for degenerative cartilage tissue.Methods:Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grade 0～6 cartilage tissue was obtained from the human tibial plateau, and histologicalsections were made to observe whether there were chondrocyte colony-like clusters in the cartilage tissue and where they occurred. Immunohistochemistry, PCR and western blotting were used to detect the biological properties of chondrocytes in the colony-like clusters and to describe the histopathological stages of the colony-like clusters according to the properties of thechondrocytes in the cluster.Results: There were a large number of chondrocyte colony-like clusters in the middle zone of OARSI grade 3 and grade 4 cartilage tissue.The chondrocytes in the colony-like clusters rapidly proliferated from one to a certain number and then rapidly underwent hypertrophic changes,synthesizing and releasing the MMP-13 protein to degrade cartilage tissue and enlarge chondrocyte lacunae.Eventually, the chondrocytes in the colony-like cluster underwent apoptosis and disappeared, leaving large empty chondrocyte lacunae.According to this process, chondrocyte colony-like clusters could be divided into four stages.Conclusions: Chondrocyte colony-like clusters mainly formed during the development of OA of OARSI grades 3 and 4 could cause the cartilage tissue to become looser and more porous, with more severe cartilage degeneration.

Primary Human Chondrocytes Affected by Cigarette Smoke—Therapeutic Challenges

Although several researchers have attested deleterious effects of smoking to the musculoskeletal system, the association between smoking and the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on primary human chondrocytes. The present study demonstrates that physiological concentrations of CSE (0.1%–10%) inhibit the viability, proliferation, and matrix formation of chondrocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Significant amounts of free radicals were generated by 10% of CSE and led to cell death. A clinical dosage (4 mg/mL) of dexamethasone (Dex) showed toxic effects on chondrocytes, and the long-time treatment by lower doses (4–400 μg/mL) induced hypertrophic changes in the chondrocytes. To substitute Dex, diclofenac (Dic, 1 μg/mL) and acetaminophen (Ace, 10 μg/mL) were tested and did not worsen the metabolic activity of CSE-exposed chondrocytes. Hyaluronic acid (HA, 5 mg/mL) combined with Dic or Ace significantly inhibited the oxidative stress and enhanced the viability and matrix formation of CSE-exposed chondrocytes. This study shows for the first time that CSE mediates the disruption of cartilage through inducing cell death by increasing oxidative stress, and that this effect is fortified by Dex. The deleterious effects of CSE on chondrocytes could be reversed by treatment with HA combined with first-line analgesic/anti-inflammatory agents.

Effects of intra articular steroids, hyaluronic acid and combination of both among patients with knee osteoarthritis

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disorder of articular cartilage accompanied by hypertrophic changes of the bone. In the management of OA, though use of intra articular (IA) injection of steroids, hyaluronic acid (HA) separately plays an important role, their effects in terms of reducing pain, joint stiffness and movement restriction when it is used in combination remains a question. Hence this study was planned to assess the effects of HA and steroids alone with combination of both Ha and steroids.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Prospective randomized comparative study, among patients with osteoarthritis knee attending the outpatient department of Orthopedics in a tertiary care hospital during January 2017 to May 2018, were included. Patients were randomized in three groups (steroids, HA and combination of both) and a total of 96 patients were included and the outcome was assessed by WOMAC scale. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 20.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Pain and movement restriction, at the end of fourth week and pain, joint stiffness and movement restriction, were found to be statistically improved in combined steroids and HA group than the group with steroids alone. Similarly at the end of third month, pain and movement restriction were found to be statistically improved in combined steroids and HA group than HA group alone.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study demonstrates that HA together with corticosteroid provides pain relief, reduction of joint stiffness and helps in improving joint movements within three months after treatment.</p>

Diagnosis and treatment of nasal and paranasal inverted papillomas – epidemiology and own experience

Introduction. The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of inverted papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses in patients that underwent endoscopic sinus surgery in our department. Material and methods. Between 2006 and 2016, 3,574 patients underwent surgery due to paranasal sinus diseases. Patients were qualified for surgery based on medical history, computed tomography, and laboratory tests. Data were gathered from medical files, and they included age, sex, and histopathological diagnosis. Results. Among 3,574 patients that underwent surgery due to chronic inflammatory changes, on histopathology, inverted papillomas were diagnosed in 80 patients, including 31 women (38.75%) and 49 men (61.25%). Most patients were aged 60-70 years (women, 12.5%; men, 15%) or 50-60 years (women, 5%; men, 21.25%). Between 2006 and 2016, the number of surgeries ranged from 264 (7.38%) in 2013 to 355 (9.93%) in 2016, and the number of inverted papillomas ranged from 4 in 2007 and 2015 (1.23%) to 12 in 2014 (3.87%). Over the last 4 years of the study period, the incidence of inverted papillomas increased. Conclusions. Among 3,574 patients operated on due to chronic inflammatory changes, on histopathology, inverted papillomas were diagnosed in 80 cases (2.23%); thus, all patients qualified for endoscopic surgery due to inflammatory or hypertrophic changes should undergo rhino-fiberoscopy. Recurrence of inverted papillomas was observed in 17.50%, typically in patients with nasal polyps that co-occurred with inverted papillomas. We regard rhino-fiberoscopy as the most valuable method for detecting tumour recurrence in patients after surgery for inverted papillomas.