scholarly journals The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part I. Stomach and pylorus

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Pyloric Sphincter ◽  
Great Similarity ◽  
Great Amplitude ◽  
Subnormal Level ◽  
General Tone

1. The effects of morphine and diacetylmorphine upon the stomach of the cat are variable. The greater number of experiments showed a decrease in tone which was accompanied by a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of movements. Some animals showed an increase in stomach tone accompained by three to five slowly moving contractions of great amplitude while no change were recorded in two cats.2. Codeine sometimes produced a slight increase in the amplitude of stomach movements with a diminished frequency, while at first the general tone is unaltered. Tone is later reduced slightly to a subnormal level. In other cases it causes a very slight increase in tone and amplitude of movements. These effects are short lived and very small when compared with those produced by morphine or heroin.3. The effects of dihydromorphinone (dilaudid) upon the stomach are far from constant. Most animals show an immediate relaxation of the stomach with a decrease in the amplitude of the movements. In a series of nine experiments, six showed relaxation of the stomach, two contraction, and in one no changes were recorded.4. The effects of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid) on the stomach resemble those of codeine. They consist of a small gradual increase in tone followed by a relaxation to a subnormal level.5. Dihydro-oxycodeinone (eukodol) produces effects which resemble those of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid).6. All these drugs produce constant effects upon the pyloric sphincter. They all produce an increase in the tone of the sphincter accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of the rhythmical movements. Dilaudid is approximately eight times more active than morphine, while diacetylmorphine is about one and a half times more potent than morphine. The effects of these three drugs last several hours.The effects of codeine, dicodid and eukodol show a great similarity. They are of short duration and very small when compared with morphine, heroin and dilaudid.

scholarly journals The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part III. Caecum and colon

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Subnormal Level ◽  
Latent Interval ◽  
General Tone

1. The effects of morphine, heroin, codeine, dilaudid, dicodid and eukadol upon the caecum and colon are described.2. Small quantities of morphine produce a rapid increase in tone and amplitude of movements lasting many hours. Large doses result in a spastic contraction of the intestine with diminution of peristaltic movements.3. The effects of heroin closely resemble those of morphine; it usually produces a greater increase in tone than morphine but the movements are not so great. Heroin is about 30% more active than morphine.4. Codeine appears to be the weakest member of the series. It causes a slight increase in tone and peristaltic movements which never last very long.5. Dilaudid produces effects which closely resemble those of morphine and heroin but it is approximately 7.5 times more potent than morphine. Intestinal tone is increased at first but may be subnormal at the 3 or 4 hr. stage. The maximum amplitude of peristaltic movements is seen at the 3 hr. stage.6. Dicodid increases the tone, and particularly the peristaltic movements. The effects upon the general tone are moderate, much less than those of morphine, heroin or dilaudid. The increase in the amplitude of the movements is, however, much greater than with any other of the drugs. It differs from the others in producing its effects only after a long latent interval of 1–2 hr.7. Eukadol increases the peristaltic movements in a marked way and is more active in this respect than either morphine or heroin, but is inferior to dicodid. Its effects upon tone are very transient and never very marked.8. The effects of all these drugs upon the tone and peristaltic movements are at once abolished by adrenalin or atropine. Except morphine and eukadol, these drugs failed to produce their effects when administered after full doses of atropine.9. The injection of hypophysin during the phase of increased muscular activity following the injection of these drugs, always causes an immediate abolition or diminution of the peristaltic movements and loss of tone to a subnormal level. There is however a rapid recovery from this state and approximately 5–10 min. later the movements are increased to an amplitude far in excess of that seen perior to the injection of hypophysin.

ALIMENTARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-895
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Jones ◽  
Robert P. Schutt
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Primary Repair ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Duodenal Atresia ◽  
Meconium Ileus ◽  
Persistent Vomiting ◽  
Plain Roentgenogram

From this discussion and analysis of 132 cases of congenital obstruction of the alimentary tract, several conclusions can be drawn: A challenge still exists for a further reduction of the mortality rate of the newborn with congenital anomalies of the alimentary tract. This challenge can be met only by early diagnosis and treatment. There is a gradual increase in the number of newborn infants with congenital alimentary tract anomalies being seen and treated at the Children's Orthopedic Hospital each year. Eighteen per cent of infants with atresia of the alimentary tract have additional areas of obstruction. A predominance of males was noted in those infants with Hirschsprung's disease and jejunal and ileal atresia, while a predominance of females was found in those infants with imperforate anus. Infants with anal malformations and alimentary tract atresia exhibit the highest incidence of associated congenital anomalies (31.2% to 75.0%). The groups of infants with meconium ileus and esophageal and duodenal atresia had the greatest incidence of prematurity (12.5% to 38.5%). In infants with anal malformations, there is found a 68% incidence of rectal fistulae of one type or another. Infants with anal malformations have the best prognosis, while infants with meconium ileus and those with multiple lesions, have the poorest. Temporary gastrostomy, when used after primary repair of esophageal atresia, appears to be of distinct benefit. In the majority of instances the diagnosis can be established by the aid of a single plain roentgenogram of the abdomen. This should be done routinely in any case of a newborn infant who has persistent vomiting and/or abdominal distention.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

INFLUENCE OF METYRAPONE ON PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF TESTOSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE IN MAN

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Nilsson ◽  
B. Hökfelt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Secondary Hypogonadism

ABSTRACT Metyrapone was administered either orally, 750 mg every four h, in a total of six doses, or intravenously 30 mg per kg body weight as a four h infusion. In three males with normal endocrine functions, metyrapone given orally or intravenously induced a fall in plasma testosterone and an elevation of androstenedione within 2–8 h. When metyrapone was administered to a patient given dexamethasone to suppress endogenous ACTH production, the androstenedione levels did not alter whereas the testosterone levels showed a slight, transient decrease. In two normal females metyrapone administration was followed by a marked increase in plasma androstenedione whereas testosterone showed only a minor, gradual increase. In one male patient with Addison's disease the basal plasma testosterone was normal whereas the level of androstenedione was low. Following metyrapone intravenously, there was a slight suppression of plasma testosterone but no change in the androstenedione concentration. In one patient with primary hypogonadism, two with secondary hypogonadism and two with Klinefelter's syndrome the plasma testosterone was low under basal conditions and did not change following metyrapone. Basal plasma androstenedione was within the range for normal males and increased markedly following metyrapone in all the cases.

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