COMPOSITION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF REFRIGERATED RAW MILK IN TWO SEASONS OF THE YEAR IN SANTA HELENA, WESTERN PARANÁ

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena – Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.

Mechanics of a plant in fluid flow

Plants live in constantly moving fluid, whether air or water. In response to the loads associated with fluid motion, plants bend and twist, often with great amplitude. These large deformations are not found in traditional engineering application and thus necessitate new specialized scientific developments. Studying fluid–structure interaction (FSI) in botany, forestry, and agricultural science is crucial to the optimization of biomass production for food, energy, and construction materials. FSIs are also central in the study of the ecological adaptation of plants to their environment. This review paper surveys the mechanics of FSI on individual plants. I present a short refresher on fluid mechanics then dive into the statics and dynamics of plant–fluid interactions. For every phenomenon considered, I examine the appropriate dimensionless numbers to characterize the problem, discuss the implications of these phenomena on biological processes, and propose future research avenues. I cover the concept of reconfiguration while considering poroelasticity, torsion, chirality, buoyancy, and skin friction. I also assess the dynamical phenomena of wave action, flutter, and vortex-induced vibrations.

Sobre o protagonismo laical do catolicismo popular: pistas para reflexão

Este artigo tenta suscitar algumas pistas de reflexão sobre o protagonismo laical presente no catolicismo popular brasileiro, tendo como mote superar uma leitura meramente dicotômica e de oposição entre as esferas do oficial e do popular. Vale-se, para isso, de conceitos já consolidados pelas pesquisas em Teologia e Ciências da Religião, bem como de suas interfaces com a Antropologia, a Filosofia e a Sociologia. Entre as principais características do catolicismo popular que apontam para o protagonismo dos leigos estão a dimensão comunitária, a capacidade de ressignificação espaçotemporal e identitária e a ausência de intermediadores na relação entre céu e terra, como é o caso dos santos. Trata-se de um vasto e rico horizonte a ser explorado, cuja contribuição também alcança nossas atuais discussões sobre a identidade dos cristãos leigos. Abstract: The present article is an attempt to rise some reflecting clues on the lay protagonism presents in the Brazilian popular Catholicism, aiming at overcoming a merely dichotomous reading and opposition between official and popular spheres. In this way, it is worth to recur to concepts already established by researches in Theology, Religion Science, as well as their interfaces with Antropology, Philosophy and Sociology. Among the main characteristics of popular Catholicism that point out in the direction of the lay Christian are communitarian dimention, capacity of identity espacio-temporal resignification and the absence of mediators such as saints, in the relationship between Heaven and Earth. The subject matter, whose contribution meets our current discussions about identity and lay Christians, is of great amplitude and still needs to be explored in depth.Keywords: Lay protagonism; Popular Catholicism; Identity.

Study on Ultrasonic Cavitaion Field of Power Ultrasonic Honing

Power ultrasonic honing is an advanced precision grinding technology, with ultrasonic vibration applied on the oilstone surface. The high frequency vibration of oilstone make cutting fluid appear cavitation effect, which make acoustic field of power ultrasonic honing present instability and complex, and even appear chatter and noise. In this paper, the cavitation mechanism of power ultrasonic honing is explained, and the oilstone radiated pressure are obtained. Furthermore, the dynamics and radiated pressure model of cavitation bubble in the grinding area is established and analysed. Finally, the pressure of oilstone surface is measured by ultrasonic sound intensity measuring instrument. It shows that the acoustic pressure radiated from oilstone with theoretical calculations and simulations are one order higher than cavitational threshold value of cutting fluid, ultrasonic cavitation occurs. Cavitation bubbles have been nonlinear vibration with high frequency, great amplitude and up to 107 Pa orders pressure, which seriously affect the workpiece processing quality and oilstone life. Comparisons between theoretical analysis and experimental verification have shown a satisfactory agreement.

On non-elliptic regions and solvability of balance equations for atmosphere dynamics

To eliminate the fast gravitational waves of great amplitude, which are not observed in the real atmosphere, the initial fields for numerical schemes of atmosphere forecasting and modeling systems are usually adjusted dynamically by applying balance relations. In this study we consider different forms of the balance equations and for each of them we detect the nonelliptic regions in the gridded atmosphere data of the Southern Hemisphere. The performed analysis reveals the geographical, vertical and zonally averaged distributions of nonelliptic regions with the most concentration in the tropical zone. The area of these regions is essentially smaller and less intensive for more complete and physically justified balance relations. The obtained results confirm the Kasaharas assumption that ellipticity conditions are violated in the actual atmospheric fields essentially due to approximations made under deriving the balance equations.

Epilepsy and ring chromosome 20: case report

We present the clinical, electroencephalographic, neuroimaging (brain magnetic resonance image - MRI and spectroscopy by MRI) and cytogenetic findings of a young male patient with a rare cytogenetic anomaly characterised by a de novo 46,XY,r(20)(p13q13.3) karyotype. He presents with mental retardation, emotional liability, and strabismus, without any other significant dysmorphies. There are brain anomalies characterised by corpus callosum, uvula, nodule and cerebellum pyramid hypoplasias, besides arachnoid cysts in the occipital region. He had seizures refractory to pharmacotherapy and long period of confusional status with or without a motor component. The authors recognised that the EEG pattern was not fixed but changed over time, specially for bursts of slow waves with great amplitude accompanied or not by sharp components, and bursts of theta waves sharply contoured. Previously, epilepsy solely has been assigned to region 20q13. However, the important structural cerebral alterations present in our case has not been reported associated to such chromosomal abnormality and may indicate possible new chromosomal sites where such atypical neurological characteristics could be mapped.

Rhythmic oscillating complex: characterization, induction, and relationship to MMC in chickens

Migrating myoelectrical complexes (MMCs) and rhythmic oscillating complexes (ROCs) have been investigated in chickens prepared for electromyography. Animals were chronically implanted with electrodes in stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ceca, and rectum. MMCs showing phases I-III were found in the jejunum and ileum both in fed and fasted states. Repetitive spike bursts were recorded in the duodenum (0.5-1/h), disrupting the gastroduodenal coordination and preceding a phase III in the jejunum. ROCs appeared spontaneously in fasted animals and in 75% of the recordings during the dark period. Four consecutive intestinal myoelectrical patterns have been described during a ROC. Briefly, they consisted in series of high-speed propagated abroad contractions of great amplitude that progressively changed into others of orad direction. In relation to the MMC, the ROC pattern appeared just after a phase III reached the distal ileum, and a pattern of duodenal repetitive spike bursts, followed by a migrating phase III in the jejunum, started at the duodenum after a ROC. No myoelectrical changes were recorded in cecorectal activity during ROC. Vagotomized animals showed the ROC pattern. Neither apomorphine (5-100 micrograms/kg iv) nor cholecystokinin (10(-9) mol/kg iv) induced ROCs. Naloxone (5 x 10(-7) mol/kg iv) and atropine (0.1 mg/kg iv) induced isolated orad contractions. Myoelectrical and functional similarities can be found between retrograde giant contractions, described in mammals, and ROCs. However, they differ in their origin and mechanism of induction.

Res Gesta in Criminal Cases

Sir Frederick Pollock once said that the phrase res gesta meant in English neither more nor less than part of the story. This indicates that the idea behind this principle of the law of evidence is fundamentally a simple one, yet the present state of the law is such that a learned judge may confess without shame that he sees as through a glass darkly, and of the writers, Wigmore and Julius Stone, despairing of finding any firm basis for any such principle, favour a fresh start upon a different foundation or foundations. The general impression conveyed to lawyers is of an idea of great amplitude, and one fraught with tremendous possibilities. Lord Blackburn, a Victorian common lawyer, and Harman J., a modern Chancery judge, both jocularly advise any counsel seeking to obtain admission of a doubtful piece of evidence to pin his faith in res gesta. The feeling that at a pinch the doctrine might give some relief is not unjustified. Owing to the many exclusionary rules of the law of evidence, it is rarely possible to tell a plain tale in court. The importance of the res gesta principle is that where it applies it will nullify certain of these exclusionary rules. An act, a declaration accompanying an act, or a mere declaration may form part of the res gesta. Before qualifying for admission, all such evidence must satisfy the test of relevancy in the sense of materiality. In the case of an act, this is normally the only test, at any rate if the act is offered in evidence for its own sake, and not as equivalent to an assertion of fact or opinion.

PHONOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MURMUR OF MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY FROM SOME COMMONLY HEARD ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS IN CHILDHOOD

Phonocardiographic tracings were recorded in children with known insufficiency of the mitral valve, children with a variety of systolic murmurs without blowing quality and children with no audible cardiac murmurs. The murmurs of valvular insufficiency produced tracings with a completely patternless and disorganized wave form. The other nonblowing murmurs all yielded tracings of uniform sine-wave character, regardless of their acoustic quality. Of these, the majority were "twanging-string" murmurs, the loudest of these with a distinct buzzing quality; the others were "snorting," "scraping" or "grating" in quality. Clinical observations indicated that these nonblowing murmurs were not indicative of cardiac disease. The murmurs of mitral insufficiency were significantly longer than the nonpathologic murmurs, but the latter showed, on the average, fully as great amplitude on the tracings. Physical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.