scholarly journals The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part III. Caecum and colon

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Subnormal Level ◽  
Latent Interval ◽  
General Tone

1. The effects of morphine, heroin, codeine, dilaudid, dicodid and eukadol upon the caecum and colon are described.2. Small quantities of morphine produce a rapid increase in tone and amplitude of movements lasting many hours. Large doses result in a spastic contraction of the intestine with diminution of peristaltic movements.3. The effects of heroin closely resemble those of morphine; it usually produces a greater increase in tone than morphine but the movements are not so great. Heroin is about 30% more active than morphine.4. Codeine appears to be the weakest member of the series. It causes a slight increase in tone and peristaltic movements which never last very long.5. Dilaudid produces effects which closely resemble those of morphine and heroin but it is approximately 7.5 times more potent than morphine. Intestinal tone is increased at first but may be subnormal at the 3 or 4 hr. stage. The maximum amplitude of peristaltic movements is seen at the 3 hr. stage.6. Dicodid increases the tone, and particularly the peristaltic movements. The effects upon the general tone are moderate, much less than those of morphine, heroin or dilaudid. The increase in the amplitude of the movements is, however, much greater than with any other of the drugs. It differs from the others in producing its effects only after a long latent interval of 1–2 hr.7. Eukadol increases the peristaltic movements in a marked way and is more active in this respect than either morphine or heroin, but is inferior to dicodid. Its effects upon tone are very transient and never very marked.8. The effects of all these drugs upon the tone and peristaltic movements are at once abolished by adrenalin or atropine. Except morphine and eukadol, these drugs failed to produce their effects when administered after full doses of atropine.9. The injection of hypophysin during the phase of increased muscular activity following the injection of these drugs, always causes an immediate abolition or diminution of the peristaltic movements and loss of tone to a subnormal level. There is however a rapid recovery from this state and approximately 5–10 min. later the movements are increased to an amplitude far in excess of that seen perior to the injection of hypophysin.

scholarly journals The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part I. Stomach and pylorus

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Norman Myers
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Pyloric Sphincter ◽  
Great Similarity ◽  
Great Amplitude ◽  
Subnormal Level ◽  
General Tone

1. The effects of morphine and diacetylmorphine upon the stomach of the cat are variable. The greater number of experiments showed a decrease in tone which was accompanied by a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of movements. Some animals showed an increase in stomach tone accompained by three to five slowly moving contractions of great amplitude while no change were recorded in two cats.2. Codeine sometimes produced a slight increase in the amplitude of stomach movements with a diminished frequency, while at first the general tone is unaltered. Tone is later reduced slightly to a subnormal level. In other cases it causes a very slight increase in tone and amplitude of movements. These effects are short lived and very small when compared with those produced by morphine or heroin.3. The effects of dihydromorphinone (dilaudid) upon the stomach are far from constant. Most animals show an immediate relaxation of the stomach with a decrease in the amplitude of the movements. In a series of nine experiments, six showed relaxation of the stomach, two contraction, and in one no changes were recorded.4. The effects of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid) on the stomach resemble those of codeine. They consist of a small gradual increase in tone followed by a relaxation to a subnormal level.5. Dihydro-oxycodeinone (eukodol) produces effects which resemble those of dihydrocodeinone (dicodid).6. All these drugs produce constant effects upon the pyloric sphincter. They all produce an increase in the tone of the sphincter accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of the rhythmical movements. Dilaudid is approximately eight times more active than morphine, while diacetylmorphine is about one and a half times more potent than morphine. The effects of these three drugs last several hours.The effects of codeine, dicodid and eukodol show a great similarity. They are of short duration and very small when compared with morphine, heroin and dilaudid.

Neural Network for Automatic Analysis of Motility Data

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kruse-Andersen ◽  
J. Kolberg ◽  
E. Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Automatic Analysis ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
System A ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Valuable Method ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
Trained Network

Abstract:Continuous recording of intraluminal pressures for extended periods of time is currently regarded as a valuable method for detection of esophageal motor abnormalities. A subsequent automatic analysis of the resulting motility data relies on strict mathematical criteria for recognition of pressure events. Due to great variation in events, this method often fails to detect biologically relevant pressure variations. We have tried to develop a new concept for recognition of pressure events based on a neural network. Pressures were recorded for over 23 hours in 29 normal volunteers by means of a portable data recording system. A number of pressure events and non-events were selected from 9 recordings and used for training the network. The performance of the trained network was then verified on recordings from the remaining 20 volunteers. The accuracy and sensitivity of the two systems were comparable. However, the neural network recognized pressure peaks clearly generated by muscular activity that had escaped detection by the conventional program. In conclusion, we believe that neu-rocomputing has potential advantages for automatic analysis of gastrointestinal motility data.

Study of the dynamics of ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand elements

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 830-840
Author(s):  
S. R. Rakhmanov ◽  
V. V. Povorotnii
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical System ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Calculation Scheme ◽  
Dynamic Loads ◽  
Forced Oscillations ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Automatic Mill ◽  
Hollow Billet ◽  
Oscillation Movement

To form a necessary geometry of a hollow billet to be rolled at a pipe rolling line, stable dynamics of the base equipment of the automatic mill working stand has a practical meaning. Among the forces, acting on its parts and elements, significant by value short-time dynamic loads are the least studied phenomena. These dynamic loads arise during transient interaction of the hollow billet, rollers, mandrel and other mill parts at the forced grip of the hollow billet. Basing of the calculation scheme and dynamic model of the mechanical system of the ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand was accomplished. A mathematical model of dynamics of the system “hollow billet (pipe) – working stand” within accepted calculation scheme and dynamic model of the mechanical system elaborated. Influence of technological load of the rolled hollow billet variation in time was accounted, as well as variation of the mechanical system mass, and rigidity of the ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand. Differential equations of oscillation movement for four-mass model of forked sub-systems of the automatic mill working stand were made up, results of their digital calculation quoted. Dynamic displacement of the stand elements in the inter-roller gap obtained, which enabled to estimate the results of amplitude and frequency characteristics of the branches of the mill rollers setting. It was defined by calculation, that the maximum amplitude of the forced oscillations of elements of the ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand within the inter-roller gap does not exceed 2 mm. It is much higher than the accepted value of adjusting parameters of the deformation center of the ТПА 350 automatic mill. A scheme of comprehensive modernization of the rollers setting in the ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand was proposed. It was shown, that increase of rigidity of rollers setting in the ТПА 350 automatic mill working stand enables to stabilize the amplitude of forced oscillations of the working stand elements within the inter-rollers gap and considerably decrease the induced nonuniform hollow billet wall thickness and increase quality of the rolled pipes at ТПА 350.

Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery May Produce a Hypercoagulable Patient

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Quigley ◽  
David W. Fried ◽  
John Pym ◽  
Richard Y. Highbloom
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Platelet Activity ◽  
Off Pump ◽  
Pump Coronary Artery Bypass

<P>Background: The incidence of thromboembolic events following traditional open heart surgery has not been clinically significant. However, with beating heart surgery, for which cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not required, the incidence of spontaneous intravascular thrombosis may be similar to that encountered after general surgeries. Compounding this risk is that many cases of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery are reserved for the elderly patient with multiple comorbidities. The few studies to date that have assessed the coagulation profile in OPCAB patients have been limited to the first 24 hours after surgery. </P><P>Methods: We prospectively studied 17 OPCAB and 6 on-pump patients over 4 days (hospital course) with daily thromboelastography. A coagulation index (CI) (reflecting R and K times, a angle, and maximum amplitude [MA]) was calculated for the patients, who served as their own controls. </P><P>Results: The OPCAB patients demonstrated 3 days postoperatively a 17% increase in coagulation compared with the baseline. Specifically, the CI consistently revealed an elevation in the a angle and the MA, both of which reflect increased fibrinogen and platelet activity. On the other hand, 3 days following surgery the CI of the CPB group was tightly clustered around their respective baseline CI values, which had recovered from a significant decrease immediately after surgery. </P><P>Conclusion: A state of hypercoagulability, as measured by thromboelastography, exists in the OPCAB patient beyond the first postoperative day, and this finding suggests that prophylactic postoperative anticoagulation therapy targeting fibrinogen and platelet activity may be indicated for these patients.</P>

Evaluation of gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other tremors: survival of neurons adjacent to the thalamic lesion after gamma thalamotomy

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihiro Ohye ◽  
Tohru Shibazaki ◽  
Junji Ishihara ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Thalamic Lesion ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Unsatisfactory Result ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rhythmic Discharge ◽  
Latent Interval ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The effects of gamma thalamotomy for parkinsonian and other kinds of tremor were evaluated. Methods. Thirty-six thalamotomies were performed in 31 patients by using a 4-mm collimator. The maximum dose was 150 Gy in the initial six cases, which was reduced to 130 Gy thereafter. The longest follow-up period was 6 years. The target was determined on T2-weighted and proton magnetic resonance (MR) images. The point chosen was in the lateral-most part of the thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus. This is in keeping with open thalamotomy as practiced at the authors' institution. In 15 cases, gamma thalamotomy was the first surgical procedure. In other cases, previous therapeutic or vascular lesions were visible to facilitate targeting. Two types of tissue reaction were onserved on MR imaging: a simple oval shape and a complex irregular shape. Neither of these changes affected the clinical course. In the majority of cases, the tremor subsided after a latent interval of approximately 1 year after irradiation. The earliest response was demonstrated at 3 months. In five cases the tremor remained. In four of these cases, a second radiation session was administered. One of these four patients as well as another patient with an unsatisfactory result underwent open thalamotomy with microrecording. In both cases, depth recording adjacent to the necrotic area revealed normal neuronal activity, including the rhythmic discharge of tremor. Minor coagulation was performed and resulted in immediate and complete arrest of the remaining tremor. Conclusions. Gamma thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease seems to be an alternative useful method in selected cases.

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