scholarly journals Ecological effects of a deodorant and a plain soap upon human skin bacteria

1977 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bibel
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe effects of a commercial trichlorocarbanilide-containing deodorant soap and a commercial plain soap upon the cutaneous flora of individuals were compared. Using a cross-over design, 21 volunteers (10 women and 11 men) washed their forearms at least once a day with one soap for 3 weeks and then switched soaps for another 4 weeks use. By analysis of variance no significant difference in total colony counts was noted among individuals in their use of the two soaps. With the exception of individual variation, neither sequence of use, sex, nor any combination was influential. However, in 20 of 21 subjects an alteration in the composition of skin flora was observed. The deodorant soap, which in six cases increased total flora, tended to reduce or eliminate diphtheroids in 12 of 17 carriers (71%). Fewer kinds of bacteria were also noted. MoreStaphylococcus epidermidiswas seen with the plain soap, but washing with the deodorant soap seemed to favourAcinetobacter calcoaceticusandMicrococcus luteus.The impact of this alteration and the use of total counts to measure effectiveness of deodorant soaps were brought into question.

Comparison of Four MANOVA Test Statistic for Pig Production in Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
J. M. Aniesedo ◽  
C. N. Okoli
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Multivariate Normality ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study used the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test statistic to examine the impact of three categories feed used in the production of pig in Delta State. The multivariate test statistic considered are the Pillai – Bartlett trace, Wilks’ Test Statistic, Roy’s Largest Root Test Statistic, and the Lawley- Hotelling (LH) Statistic. The objectives include to: evaluate the robustness of the four Multivariate Analysis of Variance test statistics to ensure that the best is employed in multivariate analysis to guarantee most useful result in pig production; determine the relatively efficient test statistic for pig production; and determine the test statistic that is consistent across the sample sizes. Secondary source of data collection was used to obtain the data required for the analysis. The outcome of the study showed that the obtained data was multivariate normally distributed based on the result of the asymmetry-based multivariate normality test and the multivariate normality test based on the kurtosis test which makes the data suitable parametric multivariate method such as multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results show that the Wilks and Roy tests found a significant difference for the intercept. While the Pillai and LH tests could not find any significance. The Roy test was also found to be significant for feed one, feed two, and feed three. The Wilks and Roy tests also turned out to be significant differences for the intercept. All test measures showed significance for feed one. The Wilks and Roy tests also showed a significant difference for feed two, while all test measures found a significance for feed one. Another result showed that none of the tests found significance for the interaction between feed one and two, while the Roy test found significance for the interaction between feed one and three, feed two and three and feed one, two and three. The performance of the test for evaluating the performance of feeds for pig production with/without considering interactions was found to be in the following order of magnitude: Roy, Wilks and Pilla = LH. This result implies that the Roy method, with or without consideration of the interaction, has a better performance of the test than the other methods considered in the study.

The Perception of Managers on the Impacts of the Internet in Brazilian Hotels

2003 ◽  
pp. 244-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz A.M.M. Filho ◽  
Anatália S.M. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The present study has an exploratory nature and aims to analyze the perception of managers on the efficiency, access importance, use as a communication tool, benefits and difficulties of Internet use in Brazilian hotels and also its effects according to the facilities rank and property size plus managers’ age and experience time. It has been used as a questionnaire to collect data from the managers of 35 hotels in the city of Natal, RN, Brazil. By using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test, results showed that there is almost no significant difference on the perception of managers on the impact of Internet use in hotels. However, those variables that were different show that for younger and less experienced managers and luxurious hotels with more than 50 rooms, there is a more favorable perception on the impacts of the Internet.

Benefits and Difficulties of Internet Use in Hotels and Its Effects According to the Facilities Rank, Property Size, Manager's Age and Experience

2011 ◽  
pp. 207-229
Author(s):  
Luiz A.M. Mendes-Filho ◽  
Anatália S.M. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study aims to analyze the perception of managers on the benefits and difficulties of Internet use in hotels and its effects according to the facilities rank and property size plus managers’ age and experience time. It used a questionnaire to collect data from the managers of 35 hotels in the city of Natal, RN, Brazil. By using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test, results showed that there is no significant difference in the perception of managers on the impact of Internet use in hotels. Hence, the managers of these hotels had similar opinions about the benefits and difficulties of the Internet use in their hotels.

scholarly journals The impact of religious festival on roadside livestock traders in urban and peri-urban areas of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1408-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alek Ibrahim ◽  
I Gede Suparta Budisatria ◽  
Rini Widayanti ◽  
Wayan Tunas Artama
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
High Profit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Religious Festival ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background and Aim: Eid al-Adha is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Muslims in Indonesia. Roadside livestock traders open their stalls during the Eid al-Adha period. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and behaviors of roadside livestock traders in urban and peri-urban areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: In-depth interviews with 36 roadside livestock traders were conducted on August 7-23, 2018 in urban (n=20) and peri-urban (n=16) areas of Yogyakarta. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results indicate that the trading activities of roadside livestock traders in urban areas last longer (p<0.05) than in peri-urban areas. No difference was found in the opening day of stalls, the number of buyers, and trends in animal prices set by roadside livestock traders in urban and peri-urban areas. Most traders sell sheep and goats, buy livestock at the animal market, and only open their stalls during Eid al-Adha. Prices are high in this period, and buyers directly visit the stalls. A significant difference exists in the selling price of livestock between Eid al-Adha and ordinary days (non-festival), and most roadside traders benefit from the Eid al-Adha momentum. Conclusion: Significant similarities exist among roadside livestock traders during the Eid al-Adha period in urban and peri-urban areas of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sheep are more desirable than goats and cattle in this period, and Eid al-Adha generates a high profit for roadside livestock traders.

Hemispheric Preference and Progressive-Part or Whole Practice in Beginning Typewriting

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta B. Johns
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
School Students ◽  
Left Group ◽  
Learning Group ◽  
Continuum Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hemispheric Activation ◽  
Hemispheric Preference ◽  
The Impact

This investigation explored the interaction of progressive-part versus whole methods of practice with hemispheric preference for processing information and the impact of each upon high school students' speed and accuracy in beginning typewriting. Zenhausern's Differential Hemispheric Activation Test was scored in such a way that it was possible to plot the scores along a continuum. Analysis of variance gave significant F ratios on 3 of the 4 testing days. The continuous scores were divided into five categories: middle, left moderates, right moderates, extreme rights, and extreme lefts. The moderate-left group speed was consistently the fastest group, and the extreme rights were consistently the slowest group. This difference was significant for all four testing days with the moderate-left mean speed varying between 4 to 6 words per minute faster each testing day. The extreme rights were consistently the most accurate, even though not statistically significantly so. There was no significant difference between method of practice and typewriting speed or between method of practice and typewriting accuracy; however, on all four testing days the mean gross speed of the whole practice learning group was 0.73 to 0.99 words per minute faster than the progressive-part group. A two-way analysis of variance indicated no interaction between method of practice and hemispheric preference.

scholarly journals Family matters: Skin microbiome reflects the social group and spatial proximity in wild zebra finches

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Engel ◽  
Helga Pankoke ◽  
Sebastian Jünemann ◽  
Hanja B. Brandl ◽  
Jan Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: An animal’s skin is densely populated with a physiological community of bacteria that represents the first barrier to its environment. Investigations on the physiological skin flora have emerged in recent years, but especially in avian taxa our understanding of the ecology and function of these bacteria remains incomplete. The involvement of skin bacteria in intra-specific communication has received attention, and has highlighted the need to understand what information is potentially being encoded in bacterial communities. Using next generation sequencing techniques, we characterized the skin microbiome of wild zebra finches, aiming to understand the impact of sex, age, group composition, spatial distribution among families, and environment on skin bacteria communities. For this purpose, we sampled skin swabs from both sexes and two age classes (adults and nestlings) of 12 different zebra finch families and analysed the bacterial communities. Results: Using 16S rRNA sequencing we found that animals of social groups (families) harbour highly similar bacterial communities on their skin with respect to community composition. Closely related individuals shared significantly more bacterial taxa than non-related animals. While we did not find any effect of sex and age on bacterial diversity, we found that spatial proximity of nest sites, and therefore individuals, correlated with the skin microbiome. Conclusions: Birds harbour very diverse and complex bacterial assemblages on their skin. These bacterial communities are distinguishable and characteristic for intraspecific social groups. Our findings are indicative for a family-specific skin microbiome in wild zebra finches. Genetics and the (social) environment are influential factors shaping the complex bacterial communities. Bacterial communities associated with the skin have a potential to emit volatiles and therefore these communities may play a role in intraspecific social communication, e.g. via signalling social group membership.

scholarly journals Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 552-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Platzek ◽  
C Lang ◽  
G Grohmann ◽  
U-S Gi ◽  
W Baltes
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Aromatic Amine ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
Skin Flora

Azo dyes represent the major class of dyestuffs. They are metabolised to the corresponding amines by liver enzymes and the intestinal microflora following incorporation by both experimental animals and humans. For safety evaluation of the dermal exposure of consumers to azo dyes from wearing coloured textiles, a possible cleavage of azo dyes by the skin microflora should be considered since, in contrast to many dyes, aromatic amines are easily absorbed by the skin. A method for measuring the ability of human skin flora to reduce azo dyes was established. In a standard experiment, 361011 cells of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus wereincubatedinsyntheticsweat (pH 6.8, final volume 20 mL) at 288C for 24 h with Direct Blue 14 (C.I. 23850, DB 14). The reaction products were extracted and analysed using HPLC. The reduction product o-tolidine (3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, OT) could indeed be detected showing that the strain used was able to metabolise DB 14 to the corresponding aromatic amine. In addition to OT, two further metabolites of DB 14 were detected. Using mass spectrometry they were identified as 3,3'-dimethyl-4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and 3,3'-di methyl-4-aminobiphenyl. The ability to cleave azo dyes seems to be widely distributed among human skin bacteria, as, under these in vitro conditions, bacteria isolated from healthy human skin and human skin bacteria from strain collections also exhibited azo reductase activity. Further studies are in progress in order to include additional azo dyes and coloured textiles. At the moment, the meaning of the results with regard to consumer health cannot be finally assessed.

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