What is the short term effect of perfumes on olfactory thresholds?

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (8) ◽  
pp. 755-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Robinson ◽  
J A Gaskin ◽  
C M Philpott ◽  
P C Goodenough ◽  
M Elloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Olfactory Threshold ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phenylethyl Alcohol ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Threshold Testing ◽  
Olfactory Thresholds

AbstractObjectives:Body sprays and perfumes are commonly worn by patients attending ENT out-patients clinics. Their effect on performance in olfactory testing is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether olfactory thresholds are altered by the presence of such fragrances.Materials and methods:One hundred and sixty healthy volunteers, aged 18 to 65 years, underwent olfactory thresholds testing. Each was then exposed to one of four strong perfumes, applied in a facemask for two minutes, and the thresholds were retested.Results and analysis:All olfactory thresholds worsened after being exposed to the strong perfumes of LynxTM and ImpulseTM body sprays, with the strongest effect being on olfactory detection of phenylethyl alcohol (p<0.001).Conclusions:Strong perfumes can have a negative effect on olfactory thresholds.Significance:Patients attending olfactory threshold testing need to be advised not to wear body sprays or perfumes.

scholarly journals No short-term effect of oral isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) on lipoprotein(a) and HDL subclasses LP-A-I and LP-A-I:A-II in healthy volunteers

1999 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Neele ◽  
R. Buytenhek ◽  
B. Staels ◽  
J. Dallongeville ◽  
A. E. Wallnofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Oral Isotretinoin

Validation of Olfactory Threshold Testing Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. E4-E6
Author(s):  
Alan Hirsch ◽  
Alexander Roussos ◽  
Sally Freels
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Olfactory Threshold ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Threshold Testing ◽  
The Right

In patients with chemosensory complaints, a head-to-head comparison of unilateral olfaction threshold testing with the Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Smell Threshold Test (PEA) and the OLFACT-RL Odor Threshold Test (OLFACT-RL) was undertaken. The charts of 23 consecutive patients presenting with chemosensory complaints seen at the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation were reviewed and information extracted per Institutional Review Board guidelines. All patients had undergone olfactory testing with the PEA test and the OLFACT-RL test in accordance with their published administration manuals. Using Spearman correlation coefficients to measure the statistical correlation between tests, we found evidence of a correlation between PEA and OLFACT-RL values on the left side only, overall (r = 0.49, p = 0.0184); in those who had hyposmia and did not have anosmia (r = 0.42, p = 0.0668); in those who did not have burning mouth syndrome (r = 0.46, p = 0.0304); and in those who did not have dysosmia (r = 0.47, p = 0.0553). There is no evidence of a correlation on the right side. The correlation for the left nostril suggests that these tests may be interchangeable. However, lack of correlation with the right nostril requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Comparison of two different odorants in an olfactory detection threshold test of the Sniffin’ Sticks

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
R. Zernecke ◽  
B. Vollmer ◽  
J. Albrecht ◽  
A.M. Kleemann ◽  
K. Haegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Phenylethyl Alcohol ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chemosensory Function ◽  
Olfactory Thresholds

The olfactory test battery Sniffin’ Sticks is a test of nasal chemosensory function that is based on pen-like devices for odour presentation. It consists of three olfactory subtests: threshold, discrimination, and identification. The detection threshold can be measured using two different odorants--n-butanol or PEA (phenylethyl alcohol). Both tasks are commonly applied in published studies, but little is known about the formal comparison of values obtained using them. Unlike the Sniffin’ Sticks with n-butanol as odorant, there is poor validation for the threshold subtest with the odorant PEA. The purpose of this study was to compare these two different odorants. Both odorants were applied to 100 normosmic, healthy subjects (50 females). The experiment was divided into two sessions performed on two different days. After each threshold test the discrimination and identification subtests were conducted. We obtained significant differences in detection thresholds of PEA and n-butanol. The mean score of PEA threshold and PEA TDI (sum of threshold, discrimination, identification) was significantly higher compared to n-butanol. No significant correlation between individual PEA and n-butanol thresholds was observed. The differences between both odorants indicate that a formal validation of the Sniffin’ Sticks with PEA as odorant for probing olfactory thresholds may be required.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF INTEREST RATE ON PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT; EVIDENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Nadeem Aftab ◽  
◽  
Khalil Jebran ◽  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
Positive Effect

This study explored the long and short term effect of interest rate on private sector credit on Pakistan for the period of 1975 to 2011. The Stationary of data was analyzed by Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Peron test. This study applied Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model for the purpose of analyzing long and short term relationship. The results revealed significant negative effect of interest rate on private sector credit in the long run, and also in the short run. The results also indicated significant positive effect of inflation on private sector credit in long and short run. However, exchange rate was found to have no effect on private sector credit.

The short-term effect of cane toads (Bufo marinus) on native fauna in the Gulf Country of the Northern Territory

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Catling ◽  
A. Hertog ◽  
R. J. Burt ◽  
R. I. Forrester ◽  
J. C. Wombey
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gulf Country ◽  
Negative Effect

The range of the cane toad has expanded rapidly in the Northern Territory, and there is growing concern that the species may have a detrimental effect on the native fauna. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the short-term effects of cane toads on populations of native fauna and, specifically, to compare the species diversity and relative abundance of native fauna before, during and after the invasion of an area by cane toads. Five major groups of fauna (wingless invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) were sampled over two years. The study has provided little evidence that cane toads have a significant adverse effect in the short-term on the diversity and abundance of the native fauna examined. However, there was an indication that there may be a long-term indirect effect on some fauna. In the short-term the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) and one Order of insect (Coleoptera) were affected negatively. The possible long-term negative effect was on the small reptile fauna and particularly the small skinks. This may be an indirect effect on their food supply, because the groups affected were those that were considered neither to ingest cane toads nor to be eaten by cane toads.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effect of Inhaled Salbutamol on Heart Rate in Healthy Volunteers

Cureus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman A Syed ◽  
Nawabzada Zeerak Farhat Sherwani ◽  
Bismah Riaz ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
Manahil Chaudhry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Inhaled Salbutamol

Acetaminophen: Macula densa hypersecretory activity by induced hepatotoxicity

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 934-935
Author(s):  
S.S. Poolsawat ◽  
C.A. Huerta ◽  
S.TY. Lae ◽  
G.A. Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Tissue Alterations ◽  
Toxic Responses

Introduction. Experimental induction of altered histology by chemical toxins is of particular importance if its outcome resembles histopathological phenomena. Hepatotoxic drugs and chemicals are agents that can be converted by the liver into various metabolites which consequently evoke toxic responses. Very often, these drugs are intentionally administered to resolve an illness unrelated to liver function. Because of hepatic detoxification, the resulting metabolites are suggested to be integrated into the macromolecular processes of liver function and cause an array of cellular and tissue alterations, such as increased cytoplasmic lysis, centrilobular and localized necroses, chronic inflammation and “foam cell” proliferation of the hepatic sinusoids (1-4).Most experimentally drug-induced toxicity studies have concentrated primarily on the hepatic response, frequently overlooking other physiological phenomena which are directly related to liver function. Categorically, many studies have been short-term effect investigations which seldom have followed up the complications to other tissues and organs when the liver has failed to function normally.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

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