scholarly journals Politics or Economics? International Migration during the Nicaraguan Contra War

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER H. LUNDQUIST ◽  
DOUGLAS S. MASSEY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Or Economics ◽  
Economic Trends

The issue of whether Central Americans in the United States are ‘political’ or ‘economic’ migrants has been widely debated, yet little empirical research has informed the controversy. Earlier studies have relied primarily on cross-sectional aggregate data. In order to overcome these limitations we draw on recent surveys conducted in five Nicaraguan communities by the Latin American Migration Project. Using retrospective data, we reconstruct a history of a family's migration to the United States and Costa Rica from the date of household formation to the survey date and link these data to national-level data on GDP and Contra War violence. While out migration to both Costa Rica and the United States is predicted by economic trends, US-bound migration was more strongly linked to the level of Contra War violence independent of economic motivations, especially in an interactive model that allows for a higher wartime effect of social networks. We conclude that elevated rates of Nicaraguan migration to the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s were a direct result of the US-Contra intervention. The approach deployed here – which relates to the timing of migration decisions to macro-level country trends – enables us to address the issue of political versus economic motivations for migration with more precision than prior work.

scholarly journals Woodrow Wilson's Use of the Non-Recognition Policy in Costa Rica

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Policies

Of all Woodrow Wilson's foreign policies, none is more deserving of criticism than his non-recognition policy. This policy, initiated by the President within a week after his accession to office on March 4, 1913, in response to the news of violent revolutionary disturbances in Mexico and Nicaragua, was primarily predicated on Wilson's assumption that the best way to prevent the recurrence of revolutions in Caribbean nations would be to warn all would-be revolutionists that they could expect no political or financial support from the United States. Ultimately he hoped that he could end the threat of revolution and induce all Latin American nations to abide by constitutional and democratic forms of government.

scholarly journals Depression Treatment among Adults with Multiple Sclerosis and Depression in Ambulatory Care Settings in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandipan Bhattacharjee ◽  
Lisa Goldstone ◽  
Queeny Ip ◽  
Terri Warholak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Depression Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Survey ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

Background. There is little information regarding depression treatment patterns among adults with MS and depression in ambulatory settings at national level in the United States (US).Objectives. The objectives of this study were to identify patterns and predictors of depression treatment in ambulatory settings in US among adults with MS and depression.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by pooling multiple years (2005–2011) of National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the outpatient department of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. The final study sample was comprised of ambulatory visits among adults with MS and depression. Dependent variable of this study was pharmacological treatment for depression with or without psychotherapy. Predictors of depression treatment were determined by conducting multivariable logistic regression.Results. Out of all ambulatory visits involving MS diagnosis, 20.59% also involved a depression diagnosis. Depression treatment was observed in 57.25% of the study population. Fluoxetine was the most prescribed individual antidepressant. Age and total number of chronic diseases were significant predictors of depression treatment.Conclusion. Approximately six out of ten ambulatory visits involving MS and depression recorded some form of depression treatment. Future longitudinal studies should examine health outcomes associated with depression treatment in this population.

Costa Rica’s Historical Development and New Age of Progress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Golob
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Gay Marriage ◽  
Central American ◽  
Lost Decade ◽  
The Right ◽  
Party Dominance

Costa Rica has historically faced many of the same challenges as its Central American neighbors, but to a less dramatic extent. This has put the country on a unique path of political and economic development. Even today, it outperforms its neighbors, often including its more developed neighbors, like the United States, in essential measurements of human development, happiness, lack of corruption, and economics. Many Costa Rican scholars have concluded that the nation benefitted from its time as a colonial outcast and from a lack of exploitable resources like gold and silver. The common misbelief that Costa Rica was settled without the destruction of natives, that the country gained a peaceful independence, and that it somehow avoided all the pitfalls of Latin American development is now met with resistance, and a better understanding of Costa Rican history has emerged. Although Costa Rican development has not been without its complications, issues, and bloody epochs, it has been far less extreme and far more open to change, democracy, and progress. Costa Rica was able to gain a semi-peaceful independence, form a strong republic, and endure the “lost decade” better than many other countries in the region. Since 2008, this tiny country has progressed rapidly. It joined CAFTA-DR, elected its first female president, ended 70 years of two-party dominance, survived national-level scandal, legalized gay marriage, and elected a progressive leftist president in 2018 despite a global shift to the right for political leaders. Yet along with progress comes continued struggles. Costa Rica faces new challenges in the 21st century. In the new millennium, it confronts issues of social injustice, rising crime rates, economic dependency on international monetary institutions, corruption, and human rights, to name a few.

scholarly journals Literatura académica de administración en países de habla hispana: Análisis bibliométrico de la producción en revistas de la base Latindex Catálogo (2000-2010)

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (72) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ernesto R. Gantman ◽  
Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Output Quantity ◽  
Latin American Countries

El presente trabajo examina la producción de la literatura académica en castellano sobre estudios organizacionales y de administración (EOA) en la última década, a partir de la elaboración de una base de datos de artículos publicados en revistas académicas de la base Latindex Catálogo. Los resultados indican que España se destaca del resto de los países no sólo por su cantidadde producción, sino por el nivel académico de la misma, evaluado mediante la densidad de citas. Este país también exhibe la mayor proporción de artículos de tipo empírico cuantitativo, que asociamos al modelo estadounidense de investigación en la disciplina. En los países  atinoamericanos, se destacan Colombia y México por la cantidad de producción, mientras queen términos de la densidad de citas, países como Argentina, México, Venezuela y Costa Rica no presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas.This paper examines the production of the Spanishlanguage literature in the field of management and organizational studies (MOS) in the last decade. To this end, we have constructed a dataset of articles published in scholarly journals listed in the Latindex Catalog database. The results show that Spain stands out from the rest of the countries not only in terms of output quantity, but also in citation density indicating a more advanced degree of scholarly content. In addition to this, Spain commands the largest share of empirical quantitative articles, an approach often associated with the model favored by researchers in this field in the United States. Within Latin American countries, Colombia and Mexico stand out for their productionquantity, while Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela and Costa Rica do not exhibit statistically significantdifferences in citation density.

scholarly journals Association between Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among African Americans in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chintan J. Bhanushali ◽  
Krishna Kumar ◽  
Anthony K. Wutoh ◽  
Spiridon Karavatas ◽  
Muhammad J. Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Background. Although there is a reported association between lifestyle factors and metabolic syndrome, very few studies have used national level data restricted to the African Americans (AAs) in the United States (US).Methods. A cross-sectional evaluation was conducted using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2006 including men and nonpregnant women of 20 years or older. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between lifestyle factors and metabolic syndrome.Results. AA women had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (39.43%) than AA men (26.77%). After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, no significant association was found between metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors including alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and physical activity. Age and marital status were significant predictors for metabolic syndrome. With increase in age, both AA men and AA women were more likely to have metabolic syndrome (AA men:ORadj=1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06, AA women:ORadj=1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.07). Single AA women were less likely to have metabolic syndrome than married women (ORadj=0.66, 95% CI 0.43–0.99).Conclusion. Lifestyle factors had no significant association with metabolic syndrome but age and marital status were strong predictors for metabolic syndrome in AAs in the US.

Restraints on Conflict in the China-US Relationship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Foot
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Historical Awareness ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Military Budget

Like the study of China itself, theorists of power transition have lately experienced a resurgence of interest in their arguments. As China has emerged as the world’s second-largest economy, with the second-largest military budget, and has become more assertive internationally under a seemingly more powerful president, the picture painted is one of growing morbidity: war between China, the putative rising dissatisfied power, and the United States, the declining hegemon, has allegedly become highly probable. This chapter critiques these arguments and highlights the restraints on conflict that generally are given insufficient attention in power transition approaches that deal with the Sino-American relationship. The chapter argues that historical awareness among leaders, state agency, and complex economic trends that are central to the understanding of this hybrid world order, together with the domestic preoccupations of these two central protagonists, are factors that work to inhibit the outbreak of war.

Consular Protection and Solidarity across Borders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Délano Alonso
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
Working Together

This chapter demonstrates how Latin American governments with large populations of migrants with precarious legal status in the United States are working together to promote policies focusing on their well-being and integration. It identifies the context in which these processes of policy diffusion and collaboration have taken place as well as their limitations. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations based on the domestic political and economic contexts, there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by the common challenges faced by their migrant populations in the United States and by the Latino population more generally. These policies, framed as an issue of rights protection and the promotion of migrants’ well-being, are presented as a form of regional solidarity and unity, and are also mobilized by the Mexican government as a political instrument serving its foreign policy goals.

Patient Autonomy, Capacity, and Consent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Donnelly ◽  
Jessica Berg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
Law And Legislation

This chapter explores a number of key issues: the role of competence and capacity, advance directives, and decisions made for others. It analyses the ways these are treated in the United States and in selected European jurisdictions. National-level capacity legislation and human rights norms play a central role in Europe, which means that healthcare decisions in situations of impaired capacity operate in accordance with a national standard. In the United States, the legal framework is more state-based (rather than federal), and the courts have played a significant role, with both common law and legislation varying considerably across jurisdictions. Despite these differences, this chapter identifies some similar legal principles which have developed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document