The Abolition of Elective Local Government in Penang

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Town Council ◽  
George Town ◽  
The City

The demise of elective local government in the State of Penang, Malaysia, is worth examining for several reasons. George Town, the state capital, was the first British settlement in the Far East; traces of elective local government appeared in the city early in the nineteenth century and the subsequent development of local government in the city followed British theory and practice to such a degree that at the time of Malayan Independence in 1957 the George Town City Council was a remarkable replica of a British town council. To study the George Town Council after Independence is thus to study a transplanted western institution which failed to survive within an Asian political system. Of more significance, however, is the light which a study of elective local government in Penang casts upon the fundamental transformations now underway in local government throughout Malaysia. Penang was the only state in the Federation to attain fully developed elective local government. Penang was one of the two states (the other was Malacca) in which all state territory and all state citizens were within the jurisdiction of local authorities. Penang however, was the only state in which every local authority consisted entirely of elected members and the only state in which every local authority was financially autonomous of the state government. Yet in 1966 the George Town Council was suspended and in 1971 the remaining local authorities were suspended as well. Penang became the first state in the federation to have no elective local government at all. It now seems likely that the other Malaysian states will follow Penang's lead (indeed, Malacca did so in early 1972), since it is now clear that the sanguine view of elective local government originally held by state and central officials has given way to one of pessimism and distrust. In July 1971 the Minister of Local Government indicated in Parliament that the central government believed that elective local government should be abolished. For these reasons, and for others which will become apparent in this paper, a study of the decline of elective local government in Penang provides an opportunity not only to test the hypotheses which have already been advanced to explain the demise of elective local government in the State itself, but also to test wider hypotheses advanced to explain the actions of national and state government towards elective local government throughout Malaysia.

scholarly journals Taxation, coercion and donors: local government tax enforcement in Tanzania

2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odd-Helge Fjeldstad
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Tax Enforcement ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Inherent Component

This paper presents three propositions about tax collection by local authorities in Tanzania. First, revenue performance depends on the degree of coercion involved in tax enforcement. Reciprocity does not seem to be an inherent component of the state–society relationship in connection with local government taxation. Second, the extent of coercion depends on the bargaining powers of the stakeholders involved in the tax enforcement process. In particular, coercive tax enforcement is facilitated when the ‘bargaining powers’ with respect to tax collection favour the council administration, and the elected councillors have no direct influence on collection. Third, the presence of donors in a local authority may be crucial by changing the ‘balance of power’ in favour of the council administration, with implications for accountability, responsiveness and democratic development. These results may explain why widespread differences in revenue performance between local authorities are observed.

scholarly journals Goiaz Album: an Advertising Vehicle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Karinne Machado Silva ◽  
Geisa Daise Gumiero Cleps
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
State Government ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regional History ◽  
The City

Abstract: this article aims to present and discuss one of the main photographic albums produced by the state government of Goiás in partnership with the private sector. Produced in the mid-1930s, the “Álbum de Goiaz” (the Goiaz Album) is the catalog that presents (compared to the other albums of the same period) the largest number of photographs of the first decades after the founding of the city of Goiânia. In addition, it is characterized by the multiplicity of subjects shown in images as well as in texts in which the State of Goiás is presented. It is an important document of the visual culture of the Regional History and a key piece of advertising that aimed the colonization of Goiás in the first years of Goiânia. Álbum de Goiaz: um Veículo de Propaganda Resumo: o referido artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar e discutir um dos principais álbuns fotográficos produzidos pelo governo estadual de Goiás em parceria com a iniciativa privada. Produzido em meados da década de 1930 o Álbum de Goiaz é o catálogo que apresenta (comparado aos demais álbuns da mesma época) o maior número de fotografias das primeiras décadas de fundação da cidade de Goiânia. Além disso, tem como característica a multiplicidade de assuntos abordados nas imagens e nos textos de apresentação do Estado de Goiás. Constitui-se como um importante documento da cultura visual da História Regional e um exemplar de propaganda que tinha como meta a colonização de Goiás nos primeiros anos de Goiânia.

Local Authority Provision versus Club Provision

10.1068/c9855 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N King ◽  
Yue Ma
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Government Provision

The main purpose of this paper is to distinguish clearly between local authorities and clubs and to consider the circumstances in which individual consumers would prefer to have services provided by one or the other. We also consider the circumstances in which consumers would prefer individual or central government provision. There are also some hybrid positions between different types of provision. We end with some examples of cases where the mode of delivery in Great Britain has changed, or is changing, from traditional local government provision to other forms. Our model suggests a rationale for these changes.

State Government Preemption of Local Government Decisions Through the State Courts

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Swanson ◽  
Charles Barrilleaux
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Data Set

What factors are associated with state government preemption of local government policies? This research asks whether state courts limit local authority in areas in which local preferences differ from the state’s, and whether this is conditioned by the level of autonomy the state grants the local government. Using a newly constructed data set of 404 local governments that had local ordinances challenged in state courts between the years 1996 and 2017, we find that local governments with citizen ideological preferences that differ from the state are less likely to have an ordinance preempted by the courts when the level of local autonomy given by the state is high. Thus, institutions like home rule provide local governments with certain legal protections from challenges to local authority.

scholarly journals OTONOMI DAERAH DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM : KASUS PENGELOLAAN HUTAN DI SULAWESI SELATAN

PERENNIAL ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Baharuddin Nurkin
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
South Sulawesi

Decentralization has been regarded as a best way to utilize natural resources for local people benefit and to distribute development results fairly through out of entirely of the country. However, experience has shown that in some cases decentralization in forest management policy was not implemented by local authorities in balancing way of both utilization and conservation. On the other hand, local government complained that even though power transfer to local authority has been implemented since the Indonesian reform politic, central government is still maintaining control over the forest management policy. This article describes decentralization experiences of forest management policy in South Sulawesi. Their impacts followed by some suggestions are also outlined. Key words : Decentralization, Forest management, Local Authority, Central Goverment

The Influence of the By-Laws in Shaping Intended Societal Behaviour: A Case Study in Kelantan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Suzei Mat Nurudin ◽  
Dr. Zarina Mohd Zain ◽  
Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid ◽  
Rasukhan Safiin
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Community ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
The Third ◽  
Municipal Council ◽  
Administrative Area

Local government is the closest level of government to the local community and identified as the third level of government after the federal and the state government. Local government are regulated under the Local Government Act 1976 and each has their own power to enact by-laws under their respective administration area. By-laws is a formulation of the law under the jurisdiction of local government in performing its duties and functions covering the administrative area that has been identified by the state government. Some of the by-laws play a part in shaping the behavior of the societies, especially in local government areas which are quite different approach such as Kota Bharu Municipal Council of Islamic Cities (MPKB-BRI) and others local government located at Kelantan. By-laws implemented by local government in Kelantan are very much different compared to local government in other states in Malaysia which is the provisions of the by-laws that focused on Islamic by-laws such as ban on unisex salons, enforcement of board guidelines advertisement that prohibit an advertisements that do not cover the aurat and the enforcement of proper clothing covering the aurat among the Muslim community and dressing politely for non-Muslims that suggests the aurat closure and wearing appropriate clothing among traders, business premises owners and also the societies. The objective of this study is to review the extent and impact of the by-laws implemented by local government at Kelantan in influencing and shaping the behavior of the local societies to become guideline for the other local government at Malaysia. Keywords: Local Government, By-laws, Islamic By-laws & Jurisdiction

Analysis of geodetic and legal documentation in the process of expropriation for roads. Krakow case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Anna Trembecka
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The City

Abstract Amendment to the Act on special rules of preparation and implementation of investment in public roads resulted in an accelerated mode of acquisition of land for the development of roads. The decision to authorize the execution of road investment issued on its basis has several effects, i.e. determines the location of a road, approves surveying division, approves construction design and also results in acquisition of a real property by virtue of law by the State Treasury or local government unit, among others. The conducted study revealed that over 3 years, in this mode, the city of Krakow has acquired 31 hectares of land intended for the implementation of road investments. Compensation is determined in separate proceedings based on an appraisal study estimating property value, often at a distant time after the loss of land by the owner. One reason for the lengthy compensation proceedings is challenging the proposed amount of compensation, unregulated legal status of the property as well as imprecise legislation. It is important to properly develop geodetic and legal documentation which accompanies the application for issuance of the decision and is also used in compensation proceedings.

Spatial and Institutional Analysis of the Voivodships Expenditure on Culture in the Years 2003 – 2015

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Adam Mateusz Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
National Heritage

AbstractFollowing the completion of the process of decentralisation of public administration in Poland in 2003, a number of tasks implemented previously by the state authorities were transferred to the local level. One of the most significant changes to the financing and management methods of the local authorities was the transfer of tasks related to culture and national heritage to the set of tasks implemented by local governments. As a result of the decentralisation process, the local government units in Poland were given significant autonomy in determining the purposes of their budgetary expenditures on culture. At the same time, they were obliged to cover these expenses from their own revenues.This paper focuses on the analysis of expenditures on culture covered by the voivodship budgets, taking into consideration the structure of cultural institutions by their types, between 2003-2015. The location quotient (LQ) was applied to two selected years (2006 and 2015) to illustrate the diversity of expenditures on culture in individual voivodships.

MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND INSURANCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Anatolii Petrovich Mykolaiets
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Production Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Natural Form

It is noted that from the standpoint of sociology, “management — a function of organized systems of various nature — (technical, biological, social), which ensures the preservation of their structure, maintaining a certain state or transfer to another state, in accordance with the objective laws of the existence of this system, which implemented by a program or deliberately set aside”. Management is carried out through the influence of one subsystem-controlling, on the other-controlled, on the processes taking place in it with the help of information signals or administrative actions. It is proved that self-government allows all members of society or a separate association to fully express their will and interests, overcome alienation, effectively combat bureaucracy, and promote public self-realization of the individual. At the same time, wide direct participation in the management of insufficiently competent participants who are not responsible for their decisions, contradicts the social division of labor, reduces the effectiveness of management, complicates the rationalization of production. This can lead to the dominance of short-term interests over promising interests. Therefore, it is always important for society to find the optimal measure of a combination of self-management and professional management. It is determined that social representation acts, on the one hand, as the most important intermediary between the state and the population, the protection of social interests in a politically heterogeneous environment. On the other hand, it ensures the operation of a mechanism for correcting the political system, which makes it possible to correct previously adopted decisions in a legitimate way, without resorting to violence. It is proved that the system of social representation influences the most important political relations, promotes social integration, that is, the inclusion of various social groups and public associations in the political system. It is proposed to use the term “self-government” in relation to several levels of people’s association: the whole community — public self-government or self-government of the people, to individual regions or communities — local, to production management — production self-government. Traditionally, self-government is seen as an alternative to public administration. Ideology and practice of selfgovernment originate from the primitive, communal-tribal democracy. It is established that, in practice, centralization has become a “natural form of government”. In its pure form, centralization does not recognize the autonomy of places and even local life. It is characteristic of authoritarian regimes, but it is also widely used by democratic regimes, where they believe that political freedoms should be fixed only at the national level. It is determined that since the state has achieved certain sizes, it is impossible to abandon the admission of the existence of local authorities. Thus, deconcentration appears as one of the forms of centralization and as a cure for the excesses of the latter. Deconcentration assumes the presence of local bodies, which depend on the government functionally and in the order of subordination of their officials. The dependency of officials means that the leadership of local authorities is appointed by the central government and may be displaced.

scholarly journals ‘Our legal responsibility…to intervene on behalf of the child’: Recognising public responsibilities for the medical treatment of children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Jo Bridgeman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Professional Responsibilities ◽  
Seriously Ill

This article argues for recognition of public responsibilities to protect the welfare of children with respect to decisions affecting their health and medical treatment. As the quote in the title of this article, from David Plank, the Director of Social Services responsible for bringing the case of Baby Alexandra before the courts, identifies, early cases concerning children’s medical treatment were brought by local authorities to determine responsibilities to protect the welfare of children. In cases such as Re B (1981), Re J (1990) and Re W (1992), the court was asked not only to determine the child’s best interests but also to clarify the duties of the local authority, Trust, court and child’s parents to the child. The respective duties established apply to all involved in cases brought before the courts on the question of a child’s future medical treatment, whether or not the child is in the care of the state. Recent cases concerning the medical treatment of seriously ill children have involved claims of parental authority to determine the care of their child. To the contrary, this article argues that court involvement is required when parents are disagreed with the child’s treating doctors over the child’s medical treatment because of public as well as parental and professional responsibilities for the welfare of all children.

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