Factors influencing place of delivery among women residing in Ifakara Town Council, Kilombero District, Tanzania

Background: This study was done to assess factors influencing place of delivery among women residing in Ifakara Town Council, Kilombero district, Tanzania. Method: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2021. A total of 135 child bearing women from 3 randomly selected wards of Ifakara Town Council were involved in the study. Structured pre-tested questionnaire with key information was used to collect desired data. Results: More than half 55.6% of the women had health facility delivery and 44.4% of them had home delivery. The most common reason for home delivery was sudden onset of labor 50.4%. Other reasons for home delivery were age of 26 and above, parity of four, and education of mother. Conclusion: Maternal health services, such as antenatal care, skilled assistance during delivery and post-natal care, adequate equipment in health facilities, play a major role of in the reduction of maternal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, efforts should be made both at community and government levels to increase health facility delivery.

Influence of Total Quality Management on Students’ Academic Achievement in Public Secondary schools in Ifakara Town Council

The issue of quality education has become one of the major concerns among government leaders, policymakers and various educational stakeholders. Yet, the application and usefulness of Total Quality Management (TQM) in public secondary schools in Tanzania has remained vague and at times problematic. This study examined the benefits of implementing TQM for the improvement of students’ academic achievement in public secondary schools. For the purpose of this study, Total Quality Management refers to a management approach in which the school's departments, resources and activities are deliberately organized to improve quality and achieve pre-determined educational goals. In conducting this study, a mixed research approach with the convergent parallel design was adopted. Data was collected through interviews and open-ended questionnaires involving 112 respondents from four public secondary schools in Ifakara Town Council, Morogoro, Tanzania. The findings indicate that TQM improves classroom instruction, contributes to employees’ continuous improvement and promotes teamwork among organization departments. Likewise, the findings indicate that TQM enhances good leadership and encourages goal setting in the organization which leads to students’ academic achievement. The paper concludes with recommendations on the interventions to be adopted as a means of promoting the effectual implementation of TQM in public secondary schools. Heads of schools as key implementers of TQM are encouraged by this study to utilize the available resources to promote quality services as well as establishing a model for TQM implementation for students’ academic achievement

Parents' Attendance of School Meetings and Pupils' Academic Performance in Selected Primary Schools in Kyotera Town Council, Uganda

The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between parents’ attendance of school meetings and pupils’ academic performance in selected primary schools in Kyotera Town Council. The researchers adopted a cross-sectional survey design where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Census and purposive sampling technique were used to select a sample of 71 teachers, 8 Members of the PTA, and 8 SMC members of the selected schools. The major instruments used in the study were a Likert scale type questionnaire which was filled by teachers as well as an interview guide for head teachers, PTA executives and SMC members. Validity of the research instruments was computed and results were found to be .86 while the reliabilityobtained was .948. The research utilized descriptive statistics to analyze data was which presented in form of tables with frequencies and percentages. Equally, a Pearson Product Moment correlation was used to establish the relationship between variables. From the findings, the correlation between attendance of meetings and academic performance was found to be moderate (r = .433, p< 0.01). Thus, the study recommends that the parents and teachers associations (PTA) should ensure that parents attend school meetings regularly, parents should also be sensitized about their role as guidance and counselling providers to their children and government should set in motion adequate measures and policies to enable the parents provide their children with basic school requirements.

Women, town councils, and the organisation of work in Bilbao and Antwerp: a north-south comparison (1400–1560)

In this article, I compare women's work opportunities in Bilbao, in northern Castile, and Antwerp, in the Low Countries, from 1400 to 1560. I argue that the different organisation of work in the two towns had a great influence on women's economic opportunities. Whereas women in Antwerp often worked alongside other members of their household because of the town's dominant craft guilds, Bilbao's informal trades were open to women on their own, independent of their husband or another male relative. As a result, women in Bilbao are more visible in the sources and were able to exert more influence on the town council.

Zur Realisierung der standardsprachlichen vokalischen Lautwandelprozesse des Frühneuhochdeutschen im Text der Hermannstädter Protokolle (1560–1565)

The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the official reports’ entries from the early second half of the 16th century, which come from the town council of Sibiu (Hermannstadt) and the Concilium Transylvania Saxonicum. The reports constitute a part of the first liber civitatis of Sibiu (Hermannstadt). The aim of the paper is to answer the question how far the script fixes the features of the spoken language. Due to the analysis it could be unambiguously proved, the German used in the text corresponds to the level of development of the German language within the periodization of history of the language as it contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. The text can therefore be classified as one of the linguistic monuments of the East Central German of Silesian tradition. All the results of the exploration are supported with the appropriate examples.

Gender equality and the effectiveness of primary education in Katosi town council, Mukono district in central Uganda

Purpose: This study aimed to assess ways by which Gender Equality affects primary education in Mukono District Research methodology: This study is a case study that concentrates on a single institute to provide information that can be used in similar businesses to establish the effect of gender equality on primary school. A case study as the research design was preferred because it helps to measure the relationship among variables. A random sampling technique was applied in the study to produce more reliable results. Results: Results indicate that majority of pupils said that three pupils shared one text book. Also, schools only hire highly skilled teachers that a helping in the accessibility of gender equal skilled teachers that a helping in the primary education. Limitations: The study covered only one town council in one district local government and so the results may not be generalized across the country or region. Contribution: The results of this study can be useful to educationists and policy planners. Keywords: Gender, Gender equality, Primary schools, UPE

Ad referendum

The history of parliaments is not limited to their deliberations and acts. It must also embrace their procedure. Despite all differences, the Diet was the Hanse’s parliament. One of its salient procedures was ad referendum, by which the representatives of one or more towns declared themselves unable to say yea or nay to a particular proposal before consulting their town council. A number of scholars have viewed ad referendum as a means of delaying (and thus frustrating) a resolution which was unpalatable to them (commonly for selfish and parochial reasons), thus elevating ad referendum to the slightly disreputable status of a filibuster in the United States Senate, but with the difference that it was, in the end, disastrous for the Hanse. However, scholars have yet to reach a consensus on the precise meaning and significance of ad referendum. This paper analyzes ad referendum between the Peace of Stralsund (1370) and the beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War (1453) with particular regard to the Prussian Hanseatic towns. Four issues are addressed. 1) How was ad referendum designated in the sources? 2) What topics galvanized town representatives to employ ad referendum? 3) Were these matters in fact subsequently debated by the Prussian assemblies of towns and estates? 4) Does the analysis of two selected Diets (Lübeck 1383, Lüneburg 1412) and the corresponding Prussian assemblies shed more light on the procedure? The paper concludes that ad referendum allowed town representatives provisionally to approve a common resolution, but combine that with an appeal for understanding that one was unable to pass a resolution which affected the rights of third parties without consulting them and obtaining their approval. The interpretation of ad referendum by some scholars, namely that it was consciously employed to torpedo unpalatable resolutions and ultimately paralyzed the Diet, can therefore be ruled out of court.

Factors Influencing The Performance Of Village Health Teams (VHTS) In Health Promotion. A Cross-Sectional Study Of Namuyoga Town Council Tororo District.

Background: The study focused on examining the various factors, directly and indirectly, that influence the performance of VHT activities. The study was based on the scientific fact that incentives, availability, and support supervisions have a significant impact on the quality of health services offered by VHTS The study was conducted in Nabuyoga Town Council in Eastern Uganda. Methodology: The researcher adopted cross-sectional descriptive methods; the researcher employed a questionnaire with both ended and closed-ended questionnaires to gather data. Also, the researcher acquired an interview guide to gathering qualitative data. Results Substantively the study has revealed positive results, that incentives influence the performance of VHTS in terms of motivation and retention. Secondary the study has shown that lack of sufficient supplies has negatively affected the performance of service delivery in terms of availability and accessibility. Thirdly, the study has revealed there is a dire need to adopt an effective supervisory mechanism for technical development and the sustainability of VHT activities in the area. Conclusion and recommendations: Quality services delivery by VHTS in health promotion, there is a great need to improve on the availability of incentives, supplies, and support supervision; it is only by sincere involvement of community members that health quality in the area can be realized.

Referat Archiwum Urzędu Miasta Krakowa. Dzieje, organizacja i zasób archiwalny

Początek działalności Referatu Archiwum Urzędu Miasta Krakowa wiąże się z reformą samorządu terytorialnego przeprowadzoną w Polsce w 1990 r. Spowodowała ona gruntowną reorganizację działalności urzędów w Polsce, w tym także Urzędu Miasta Krakowa. Początkowo archiwum miało siedzibę w podziemiach budynku magistratu przy placu Wszystkich Świętych 3–4, a od 1999 r. w budynku przy ulicy Dobrego Pasterza 116a. W chwili obecnej Referat Archiwum prowadzi działalność w nowym, na wskroś nowoczesnym obiekcie, do którego pracownicy oraz zasób archiwalny zostali przeniesieni w czerwcu 2019 r. Według stanu na koniec 2019 r. w archiwum zgromadzonych było blisko 20 000 mb akt. Głównym trzonem zasobu archiwum są akta przekazywane z 40 komórek organizacyjnych Urzędu. Do najcenniejszych zbiorów należą: zbiór gromadzkich książek meldunkowych z terenu miasta Krakowa składający się z 25 770 ksiąg, obejmujący okres od 1930 do 1961 r., zbiór Ksiąg Rejestrów Mieszkańców Gmin, zawierających informacje o mieszkańcach gmin z terenu powiatu krakowskiego obejmujących okres od lat 30. do 50. XX w., zbiór tzw. Rejestrów stałych mieszkańców, zbiór Kart Osobowych Mieszkańca, które były prowadzone dla każdego mieszkańca miasta i gromadzone wg adresów zamieszkania. Niezwykle ciekawym zbiorem, nadal otwartym, jest zbiór tzw. kopert dowodowych, tj. dokumentacji związanej z wydawaniem dowodów osobistych W kopertach dowodowych często zachowały się przedwojenne dowody osobiste lub dowody tożsamości, paszporty lub kenkarty. Office of the Krakow Town Council Archive. History, organization and archival resources The beginnings of the Office of the Krakow Town Council Archive are connected with the local-government reform that took place in Poland in 1990. This led to a major reorganisation in the activities of councils in Poland, including the Krakow Town Council. Initially, the Archive was located in the basement of the Town Hall building at 3–4 Wszystkich Świętych (All Saints) Square, and from 1999 in the building at 116a Dobrego Pasterza Street. Currently, the Office of the Archive operates in a new modern building which the employees and archival resources were moved to in June 2019. At the end of 2019, the Archive had a collection of almost 20,000 metres of records. The main body of the Archive’s resources consists of records deposited by 40 organisational units of the Council. The most important collections include: the collection of registration books from the town of Krakow, consisting of 25,770 books covering the period from 1930 to 1961, the collection of Registers of Borough Residents, containing information about the inhabitants of the boroughs in Krakow County covering the period from the 1930s to the 1950s, the collection of the so-called Registers of Permanent Residents, and the collection of Resident Cards, which were kept for each resident of the town and collected according to the residence address. A particularly interesting collection, which is still open, is the collection of the so-called evidence envelopes, in other words, documents connected with the issuance of ID cards. The evidence envelopes often contain pre-war ID cards, passports or kennkarten.

Management of Local Authority Records at Zvishavane Town Council

This study evaluated records management practices at a local authority in Zimbabwe, with reference to Zvishavane Town Council in the South Midlands province of Zimbabwe. The purpose of the study was to establish the records management practice to expose the bedevil and recommend the best practice. To achieve the purpose of the study, qualitative research methodology was used through a case study design. Data was collected using interviews, document analysis, and direct observations. The findings of the study revealed that Zvishavane Town Council was practicing records management without a standard written down policy of records management. This led to an ad hoc system of practice in terms of good governance, accountability, and transparency in managing council records. The study recommends that records management at this council be done using a well-documented records management policy.