Immunocytochemical localization of the neuropeptide S1 and serotonin in larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus and Asterias rubens

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Moss ◽  
Robert D. Burke ◽  
Michael C. Thorndyke
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Plexus ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Ciliary Band ◽  
Asterias Rubens ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Pisaster Ochraceus ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Serotonin Immunoreactivity

Studies of the larval nervous system of two species of starfish were carried out using antisera to a recently isolated native echinoderm neuropeptide, GFNSALMFamide (S1), and to serotonin. S1-like immunoreactivity was found in the larvae of the asteroids Pisaster ochraceus and Asterias rubens (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), originating in the apical region and becoming concentrated as two groups of cells in the dorsal ciliary band, the preoral transverse and adoral ciliary bands in larvae up to the early brachiolarian stage (five weeks). The pattern of serotonin immunoreactivity, although appearing earlier in the apical nerve plexus, is very similar to that of the peptide, with paired groups of immuno- reactivity apparent in the dorsal ciliary band. This evidence, together with other recent studies, indicates that this neuropeptide is present in both the larval and adult nervous system, despite the complete reformation of the system at metamorphosis. The close localization of SI with serotonin may also suggest a possible function for the peptide in larval and adult nervous systems.

The nervous system of a pilidium larva: evidence from electron microscope reconstructions

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1909-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Lacalli ◽  
J. E. West
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Ciliary Band ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Marginal Band ◽  
Friday Harbor ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time

The principal ultrastructural features of a pilidium larva from Friday Harbor (pilidium A, unidentified as to species) are summarized and, based on electron microscope reconstructions, the larval nervous system is described for the first time. Ciliary effectors in the larva include the marginal ciliary band, which is drawn out to form a small accessory ridge at each of the junctions between lobes, and a pair of suboral (buccal) ridges, one on either side of the stomodeum, that run between the mouth and marginal band. The nervous system consists of a small intratrochal nerve supplying the marginal band, an oral nerve that encircles the mouth at the junction of stomodeum and stomach, and a pair of nerves connecting these that run beneath the suboral ridges. The nerve fibres appear to arise from uniciliate cells in the marginal band and the suboral region. The organization, innervation, and behavior of pilidium A are discussed briefly with reference to Müller's larva, a related larva with a similar type of trochal innervation.

scholarly journals Partitioning of N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Fusion (NSF) Protein Function in Drosophila melanogaster: dNSF1 Is Required in the Nervous System, and dNSF2 Is Required in Mesoderm

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-278
Author(s):  
Jessica A Golby ◽  
Leigh Anna Tolar ◽  
Leo Pallanck
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Constitutive Secretion ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Abstract The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) promotes the fusion of secretory vesicles with target membranes in both regulated and constitutive secretion. While it is thought that a single NSF may perform this function in many eukaryotes, previous work has shown that the Drosophila genome contains two distinct NSF genes, dNSF1 and dNSF2, raising the possibility that each plays a specific secretory role. To explore this possibility, we generated mutations in the dNSF2 gene and used these and novel dNSF1 loss-of-function mutations to analyze the temporal and spatial requirements and the degree of functional redundancy between dNSF1 and dNSF2. Results of this analysis indicate that dNSF1 function is required in the nervous system beginning at the adult stage of development and that dNSF2 function is required in mesoderm beginning at the first instar larval stage of development. Additional evidence suggests that dNSF1 and dNSF2 may play redundant roles during embryonic development and in the larval nervous system. Ectopic expression studies demonstrate that the dNSF1 and dNSF2 gene products can functionally substitute for one another. These results indicate that the Drosophila NSF proteins exhibit similar functional properties, but have evolved distinct tissue-specific roles.

scholarly journals Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. I. Its general distribution in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system demonstrated by immunofluorescence in frozen and plastic sections.

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P De Camilli ◽  
R Cameron ◽  
P Greengard
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Synapsin I ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

Synapsin I (formerly referred to as protein I) is the collective name for two almost identical phosphoproteins, synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib (protein Ia and protein Ib), present in the nervous system. Synapsin I has previously been shown by immunoperoxidase studies (De Camilli, P., T. Ueda, F. E. Bloom, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5977-5981; Bloom, F. E., T. Ueda, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5982-5986) to be a neuron-specific protein, present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and concentrated in the synaptic region of nerve cells. In those preliminary studies, the occurrence of synapsin I could be demonstrated in only a portion of synapses. We have now carried out a detailed examination of the distribution of synapsin I immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study we have attempted to maximize the level of resolution of immunohistochemical light microscopy images in order to estimate the proportion of immunoreactive synapses and to establish their precise distribution. Optimal results were obtained by the use of immunofluorescence in semithin sections (approximately 1 micron) prepared from Epon-embedded nonosmicated tissues after the Epon had been removed. Our results confirm the previous observations on the specific localization of synapsin I in nerve cells and synapses. In addition, the results strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsin I. Finally, immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses. In two accompanying papers (De Camilli, P., S. M. Harris, Jr., W. B. Huttner, and P. Greengard, and Huttner, W. B., W. Schiebler, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli, 1983, J. Cell Biol. 96:1355-1373 and 1374-1388, respectively), evidence is presented that synapsin I is specifically associated with synaptic vesicles in nerve endings.

scholarly journals Drosophila Stathmin: A Microtubule-destabilizing Factor Involved in Nervous System Formation

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 698-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Ozon ◽  
Antoine Guichet ◽  
Olivier Gavet ◽  
Siegfried Roth ◽  
André Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Germ Cell Migration ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
First Time

Stathmin is a ubiquitous regulatory phosphoprotein, the generic element of a family of neural phosphoproteins in vertebrates that possess the capacity to bind tubulin and interfere with microtubule dynamics. Although stathmin and the other proteins of the family have been associated with numerous cell regulations, their biological roles remain elusive, as in particular inactivation of the stathmin gene in the mouse resulted in no clear deleterious phenotype. We identified stathmin phosphoproteins inDrosophila, encoded by a unique gene sharing the intron/exon structure of the vertebrate stathmin andstathmin family genes. They interfere with microtubule assembly in vitro, and in vivo when expressed in HeLa cells. Drosophila stathmin expression is regulated during embryogenesis: it is high in the migrating germ cells and in the central and peripheral nervous systems, a pattern resembling that of mammalian stathmin. Furthermore, RNA interference inactivation ofDrosophila stathmin expression resulted in germ cell migration arrest at stage 14. It also induced important anomalies in nervous system development, such as loss of commissures and longitudinal connectives in the ventral cord, or abnormal chordotonal neuron organization. In conclusion, a single Drosophilagene encodes phosphoproteins homologous to the entire vertebrate stathmin family. We demonstrate for the first time their direct involvement in major biological processes such as development of the reproductive and nervous systems.

scholarly journals The Histology and Activities of the Tube-feet of Echinocyamus pusillus

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (52) ◽  
pp. 539-555
Author(s):  
DAVID NICHOLS
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nerve Plexus ◽  
Asterias Rubens ◽  
Coelomic Epithelium ◽  
Sensory Cilia ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Postural Movement ◽  
Tube Feet

The histology of the suckered, buccal sensory, and respiratory tube-feet and their ampullae, where they occur, of the clypeasteroid sea-urchin Echinocyamus pusillus is described. Each suckered tube-foot possesses two sets of special muscles for attachment and detachment, a ring of mucous glands to assist in attachment, and a ring of sensory cilia. The stem retractors are in four columns, whose differential contraction provides the means of postural movement relative to the test. The ampullae of these tube-feet are exceedingly thin-walled, apparently musculo-epithelial, with anastomosing contractile elements. The canal between tube-foot and ampulla contains a swollen coelomic epithelium which may help to maintain the nerve relationships of the system. The activity of the suckered tube-feet is compared with that of the tubefeet of the starfish, Asterias rubens. The buccal tube-feet, larger than the suckered tube-feet, have large disks underlain by a thick nerve plexus supported by transverse fibres; a ring of sensory cilia surrounds the disk. They have no mucous glands and no suckers, and are presumably entirely sensory, probably both tactile (the cilia) and chemoreceptive (the disk). The respiratory tube-feet are thin-walled sacs, the walls consisting of an outer ciliated and an inner non-ciliated (coelomic) epithelium with cross-connexions for support; where the coelomic epithelium lines the pair of canals through the test it is heavily ciliated. In the specializations of its tube-feet this urchin is shown to share some features with the regular urchins and others with the spatangoids.

scholarly journals Network Neuroscience and Personality

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Markett ◽  
Christian Montag ◽  
Martin Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Network Neuroscience

AbstractPersonality and individual differences originate from the brain. Despite major advances in the affective and cognitive neurosciences, however, it is still not well understood how personality and single personality traits are represented within the brain. Most research on brain-personality correlates has focused either on morphological aspects of the brain such as increases or decreases in local gray matter volume, or has investigated how personality traits can account for individual differences in activation differences in various tasks. Here, we propose that personality neuroscience can be advanced by adding a network perspective on brain structure and function, an endeavor that we label personality network neuroscience.With the rise of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the establishment of connectomics as a theoretical framework for structural and functional connectivity modeling, and recent advancements in the application of mathematical graph theory to brain connectivity data, several new tools and techniques are readily available to be applied in personality neuroscience. The present contribution introduces these concepts, reviews recent progress in their application to the study of individual differences, and explores their potential to advance our understanding of the neural implementation of personality.Trait theorists have long argued that personality traits are biophysical entities that are not mere abstractions of and metaphors for human behavior. Traits are thought to actually exist in the brain, presumably in the form of conceptual nervous systems. A conceptual nervous system refers to the attempt to describe parts of the central nervous system in functional terms with relevance to psychology and behavior. We contend that personality network neuroscience can characterize these conceptual nervous systems on a functional and anatomical level and has the potential do link dispositional neural correlates to actual behavior.

The Problem

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Everyday Experience ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Sensory Inputs

Although understanding neural functions has progressed at a remarkable pace in recent decades, a fundamental question remains: How does the nervous system relate the objective world to the subjective domain of perception? Everyday experience implies that the neural connections on which we and other animals depend link physical parameters in the environment with useful responses. But that interpretation won't work: biological sensory systems cannot measure the physical world. Whereas something is linking sensory inputs to useful responses, it is not the physical world that instruments measure. How, then, have we animals met this challenge, and what is it that we end up perceiving? The purpose of this chapter is to suggest how nervous systems have evolved to deal with the inability to convey the objective properties of the real world.

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