scholarly journals Marginal farmers carry the burden of damage caused by Asian elephants Elephas maximus in Bardiya National Park, Nepal

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Herbert H.T. Prins ◽  
Yorick Liefting ◽  
Joost F. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Farm Structures

Abstract In areas where farmland borders protected areas, wildlife may be attracted to crops and cause substantial financial damage for farmers. Elephants, in particular, can destroy a year's harvest in a single night, and can also cause damage to buildings and other farm structures. Few studies have examined whether damage caused by wild elephants increases social inequalities in farmer communities. We interviewed settlement leaders and subsistence rice farmers living in the buffer zone of Bardiya National Park, Nepal, to examine (1) the variation and spatial distribution of wealth within the farmer community, (2) the severity and spatio-temporal distribution of damage inflicted by Asian elephants Elephas maximus, and (3) the willingness to insure against such damage. We investigated whether particular societal strata are disproportionally affected by negative interactions with elephants. We found that farmers near the boundary between agricultural and wilderness areas were significantly poorer and had smaller landholdings than those further into the cultivated lands. Concomitantly, damage to crops and houses was more frequent nearer the wilderness–agriculture boundary than further away from it. Hence, in the buffer zone of Bardiya National Park, farmers near the wilderness–cultivation boundary, with small landholdings, had a relatively higher cost of elephant damage, yet were less willing to pay for an insurance scheme. We infer that in areas where both social inequality and damage caused by wildlife are spatially structured, conservation success may cause economic hardship for the local community, particularly for the poorer class. We discuss causes of the current lack of communal mitigation measures against the damage caused by elephants in the Park, and potential solutions.

scholarly journals Strategi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kawasan Penyangga di TN Sebangau Berdasarkan Perspektif Sustainable Livelihood Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Ardiyanto Maksimilianus Gai
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood Approach

Kawasan penyangga di TN Sebangau memiliki permasalahan dari berbagai sektor, seperti sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah masalah kerusakan hutan. Saat ini masyarakat yang tinggal di kawasan penyangga TN Sebangau bergantung pada hasil sumber daya alamnya. Namun, kesejahteraan yang rendah menuntut masyarakat untuk melakukan beberapa kegiatan yang melanggar kebijakan TN Sebangau dan berpotensi mengganggu lingkungan sekitarnya. Konsep pendekatan mengenai penghidupan yang berkelanjutan (sustainable livelihood) merupakan salah satu bentuk metode yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan yang muncul pada masyarakat yang tinggal di kawasan penyangga TN Sebangau. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode skoring, AHP dan analisis triangulasi. Subjek penelitian adalah masyarakat yang tinggal di kawasan penyangga TN Sebangau. Variabel yang digunakan adalah modal sosial, modal alam, modal fisik, modal manusia dan modal finansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari kriteria dan subkriteria pada 3 strategi, yaitu pengembangan masyarakat lokal, perencanaan sosial dan aksi sosial, kriteria ‘pengembangan masyarakat lokal’ merupakan model pemberdayaan yang tepat untuk diterapkan di kawasan penyangga TN Sebangau. Sehingga diperlukan strategi pengembangan yang sesuai dengan masing-masing variabel terkait penghidupan berkelanjutan (sustainable livelihood).Abstract:  Sebangau National Park buffer zone had problem in many sectors like social, economic and environment. One of them is deforestation. Currently, people who lived at Sebangau National Park buffer zone depends on it natural resources. However, low-welvare condition requires people doing some violation against Sebangau National Park policy and potentially interfere the ecosistem. Sustainable livelihood approach presumed can be one solution to solve the problem at Sebangau National Park buffer zone. This research used qualitative descriptive approach, with scoring method, AHP and triangulation analysis. Research subject is people who lived at  Sebangau National Park buffer zone. Variabel that used is social capital, natural capital, physical capital, human capital and financial capital. The results showed that from criteria and sub criteria on 3 strategy, that is local community development strategy, social planning strategy and social action strategy, local community development criteria is exactly empowerment model to apply at Sebangau National Park buffer zone. So that the development strategy of the models are needed in accordance with each variable related to sustainable livelihood.

scholarly journals Heritage for Development, Multiethnic Communities, and the Case of Butrint National Park on the Albanian-Greek Border

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Dana Phelps
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
Transitioning Countries ◽  
Set Up

The case study presented in this paper is an account of six months of ethnographic fieldwork that I conducted between 2010 and 2013 in the villages within the UNESCO World Heritage site of Butrint National Park, located on the Albanian-Greek border. My ethnography reveals the particularly complex tangle that exists between development and heritage projects in transitioning countries such as Albania, which is re-positioning its governance within a neoliberal framework. The research takes an anthropological approach to investigate how the “heritage for development” projects at Butrint National Park are affecting the local community and distressing local power relations and social inequalities, while at the same time are instilling a sense of place for many of these communities that have relocated or were forced from their homes during the post-communist period as a result of confusion over land ownership. This case study demonstrates that while sustainable heritage practices are often overpowered by neoliberal agendas, heritage repurposed towards development has real and powerful effects on the communities connected to the site. In this paper I argue that we need anthro­pologically informed studies that give due attention to the realities of the communities connected to the site in order to reveal how sustainable heritage policies that are not set up to protect the community can have detrimental effects on the locals, including reinforced structural inequality, marginalization of minorities, and divisions among communities.

scholarly journals Living with tigers Panthera tigris: patterns, correlates, and contexts of human–tiger conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Dhungana ◽  
Tommaso Savini ◽  
Jhamak Bahadur Karki ◽  
Maheshwar Dhakal ◽  
Babu Ram Lamichhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Village Development Committee ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractHuman–tiger conflict arises when tigers Panthera tigris attack people or their livestock, and poses a significant threat to both tigers and people. To gain a greater understanding of such conflict we examined spatio-temporal patterns, correlates, causes and contexts of conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, and its buffer zone, during 2007–2014. Data, mostly from compensation applications, were collected from the Park office. Fifty-four human casualties (32 fatalities, 22 injuries) and 351 incidents of livestock depredation were recorded, clustered in defined areas, with 75.9% of human casualties occurring in the buffer zone and 66.7% within 1 km of the Park boundary. A linear model indicated there was a significant increase in human casualties during 2007–2014. Livestock were killed in proportion to their relative availability, with goats suffering the highest depredation (55%). There was a positive correlation between livestock depredation and National Park frontage (the length of Village Development Committee/municipality boundary abutting the National Park), but not human population, livestock population, forest area in the buffer zone, rainfall or temperature. There was no relationship between tiger attacks on people and any of the correlates examined. Wild prey density was not correlated with conflict. Of the tigers removed because of conflict, 73.3% were male. The majority of attacks on people occurred during accidental meetings (77.8%), mostly while people were collecting fodder or fuelwood (53.7%), and almost half (48.2%) occurred in the buffer zone forests. We recommend the use of the conflict map developed here in the prioritization of preventive measures, and that strategies to reduce conflict should include zoning enforcement, improvement of livestock husbandry, participatory tiger monitoring, an insurance scheme, and community awareness.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Injured Elephants in Masai Mara and the Putative Negative and Positive Roles of the Local Community

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e71179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domnic Mijele ◽  
Vincent Obanda ◽  
Patrick Omondi ◽  
Ramón C. Soriguer ◽  
Francis Gakuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals Social relationships of wild juvenile Asian Elephants Elephas maximus in the Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepani Jayantha ◽  
P.N. Dayawansa ◽  
U.K.G.K. Padmalal ◽  
W.D. Ratnasooriya
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
National Park ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal association of human-elephant conflict around Parsa National Park, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Kurmi ◽  
Narayan Prasad Koju
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Local People ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Raiding Behavior ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Local Farmers

This study was carried to evaluate the Spatio-temporal association of human-elephant conflict (HEC) among five different rural municipalities (Nirmalbasti, Jirabhawani, Sakhuwaparsauni, Parsagadhi, and Paterwasugauli) of Parsa District around Parsa National Park in 2019. Primary data was collected by using questionnaire surveys with victims’ family and local people using random sampling method, key informant interviews with Chief Conservation Officer of Parsa National Park, District Forest Officer, ZSL field official, Chairperson of Batika Buffer Zone User Committee, focus group discussion, and field visit to verify the information. Total six people were killed and one person was survived with severe injury by the elephant attacks between 2013 and 2019 in the study area. Crop raiding was perceived as the most serious conflict from the elephants by local people. People around the national park are mostly farmers with a low level of income. They are mostly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Elephants are damaging the crops of the farmers making their livelihood difficult. HEC intensity was highest during the rice harvest season (65%), and at night (83%). Local farmers also reported that the aroma of ripening paddy had an interesting relation with HEC, it was associated with elephants’ crop-raiding behavior. Local farmers did not use any specific traditional mitigation measure but believed that planting unpalatable crops and constructing a solar fence around the national park minimizes HEC and will promote co-existence between people and elephants.

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) as bioindicators of stable water quality in Sydney Harbour during remediation of the Sydney Tar Ponds, Nova Scotia, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony R. Walker ◽  
Devin Macaskill ◽  
Peter Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
Sydney Harbour ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Individual Pahs ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Environmental Mitigation

Contaminants were measured in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Sydney Harbour (SH) during remediation of the Sydney Tar Ponds (STPs) to assess the spatio-temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals during baseline and remediation. Overall distribution of chemicals in mussels was compared to contaminants in other marine indicators. Metal concentrations in mussels showed some minor temporal variability, but did not appear to be directly related to remediation activities. Contaminants showed stable or decreasing concentrations, except Pb and Zn. Individual PAH compounds were mostly undetected, except for fluoranthene and pyrene. Concentrations of fluoranthene in mussels and water were weakly related (R2 = 0.72). PCBs were undetected, except during year 2 remediation at some near-field stations. Contaminants measured during this study were much lower than previously reported in other studies of mussels in SH, likely due to ongoing natural recovery and because of environmental mitigation measures implemented during remediation activities at the STPs. The lack of detection of most individual PAHs, PCBs, and low bioaccumulation of metals during baseline and remediation using mussels as bioindicators reveal subtle improvements in environmental quality in SH.

scholarly journals Determination of Stimulating Factors of Wild Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Dispersal from the Kaeng Krachan National Park to Surrounding Land Use in Thailand

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-404
Author(s):  
Luechai KROUTNOI ◽  
Thavivongse SRIBURI ◽  
Saowanee WIJITKOSUM ◽  
Kamol NUANYAI
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Asian Elephant ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Water Courses

Wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) disturbances are a major conservation concern in Thailand. Elephant dispersal was observed to identify factors that encouraged seasonal migration from the Kaeng Krachan National Park (KKNP), of 466.24 hectares across, into adjacent agricultural lands at the Pa Deng sub-district (PDS) in Phetchchaburi Province, Thailand. Land use patterns in 1975, 1992, 2002, and 2011 from satellite images taken by Landsat-5 TM, and community attitudes on the impacts of land disturbance, were analyzed. All village chiefs were concerned about future management for living with the increased numbers of elephants strolling in their lands expanding from the KKNP border. In 1975, the area was almost completely forested, but chronologically changed to agricultural and community area by 6.43, 8.34, and 7.35 % for 1992, 2002, and 2011, respectively. The area of bare land and natural water courses was found to be reformed to 8.86, 3.46, and 1.38 %, in 1992, 2002, and 2011, respectively. It was concluded that community and agricultural development encroached upon the bare lands and water courses of elephants, and latterly interrupted elephant trails by forest fragmentation. Six elephant trails were found to be aligned east/west across KKNP into surrounding water reservoirs and agricultural lands, at 170 to 380 m above mean sea level (AMSL), at a slope of less than 10 %, and within a radius of 100 - 300 m from communities. Along those trails, data of line transects revealed indirect evidence, 70 dung piles, 27 feeding signs, and 26 footprints. They were directed to major water resources, e.g., the Deng, Paloa, and Kralang reservoirs. It can be concluded that an important factor influencing the elephant dispersal were water sources located at the border of conserved forest; therefore, water development for elephants in KKNP was recommended, using local community-based natural resource management.

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