scholarly journals Spatiotemporal association of human-elephant conflict around Parsa National Park, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Kurmi ◽  
Narayan Prasad Koju
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Local People ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Crop Raiding ◽  
Raiding Behavior ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Local Farmers

This study was carried to evaluate the Spatio-temporal association of human-elephant conflict (HEC) among five different rural municipalities (Nirmalbasti, Jirabhawani, Sakhuwaparsauni, Parsagadhi, and Paterwasugauli) of Parsa District around Parsa National Park in 2019. Primary data was collected by using questionnaire surveys with victims’ family and local people using random sampling method, key informant interviews with Chief Conservation Officer of Parsa National Park, District Forest Officer, ZSL field official, Chairperson of Batika Buffer Zone User Committee, focus group discussion, and field visit to verify the information. Total six people were killed and one person was survived with severe injury by the elephant attacks between 2013 and 2019 in the study area. Crop raiding was perceived as the most serious conflict from the elephants by local people. People around the national park are mostly farmers with a low level of income. They are mostly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Elephants are damaging the crops of the farmers making their livelihood difficult. HEC intensity was highest during the rice harvest season (65%), and at night (83%). Local farmers also reported that the aroma of ripening paddy had an interesting relation with HEC, it was associated with elephants’ crop-raiding behavior. Local farmers did not use any specific traditional mitigation measure but believed that planting unpalatable crops and constructing a solar fence around the national park minimizes HEC and will promote co-existence between people and elephants.

scholarly journals Analysis of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Buffer Zone Area: A Case Study of Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Maheshwari Bhatta ◽  
Rajeev Joshi
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

This article is based on a study carried out in buffer zone of Shuklaphanta National Park (SNP), which lies in Kanchanpur district of Nepal. It is aimed to assess nature and extent of crop damages, livestock depredation and human casualties, and to identify local people's attitude towards wildlife conservation and management. Primary data was collected through preliminary field visit, questionnaire survey of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussion and direct field observation. Paddy was major crop damaged by wild animals, followed by wheat and maize. Wild boar followed by elephant and deer were found as the most problematic animals causing crop damage, while common leopard was found as the major culprit for livestock depredation. The proximity to the national park was found determining factor to the extent of damage caused by the wild animals. People’s attitude towards wildlife conservation was found to be positive; however, more than 85% of respondents showed dissatisfaction towards park authorities’ effort for conflict management. Active participation of local people in conservation and awareness program can play a vital role to reduce and mitigate the human wildlife conflict at community level.

A Buffer Zone for Biodiversity Conservation: Viability of the Concept in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay K. Nepal ◽  
Karl E. Weber
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local People ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Wildlife Protection ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Chitwan National Park

A buffer zone for RCNP is considered an effective means to mitigate and contain the Park–local people conflict. Its creation adjacent to the National Park will enable local people to engage in multiple-use activities that will provide benefits not only to themselves but protect the Park's integrity as well. Except for the much-degraded Barandabar Forest, the other small parcels of forest that exist around the Royal Chitwan National Park are highly inadequate to provide additional wildlife protection and environmental conservation. RCNP does not have any area that, to date, is exclusively designated as a buffer zone. The Barandabar Forest is still envisaged as an additional protection to the Park, although continual grazing, lopping of branches and twigs from trees, and timber extraction, by the local people, have extensively diminished its biological values.

scholarly journals Living with tigers Panthera tigris: patterns, correlates, and contexts of human–tiger conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Dhungana ◽  
Tommaso Savini ◽  
Jhamak Bahadur Karki ◽  
Maheshwar Dhakal ◽  
Babu Ram Lamichhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Village Development Committee ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractHuman–tiger conflict arises when tigers Panthera tigris attack people or their livestock, and poses a significant threat to both tigers and people. To gain a greater understanding of such conflict we examined spatio-temporal patterns, correlates, causes and contexts of conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, and its buffer zone, during 2007–2014. Data, mostly from compensation applications, were collected from the Park office. Fifty-four human casualties (32 fatalities, 22 injuries) and 351 incidents of livestock depredation were recorded, clustered in defined areas, with 75.9% of human casualties occurring in the buffer zone and 66.7% within 1 km of the Park boundary. A linear model indicated there was a significant increase in human casualties during 2007–2014. Livestock were killed in proportion to their relative availability, with goats suffering the highest depredation (55%). There was a positive correlation between livestock depredation and National Park frontage (the length of Village Development Committee/municipality boundary abutting the National Park), but not human population, livestock population, forest area in the buffer zone, rainfall or temperature. There was no relationship between tiger attacks on people and any of the correlates examined. Wild prey density was not correlated with conflict. Of the tigers removed because of conflict, 73.3% were male. The majority of attacks on people occurred during accidental meetings (77.8%), mostly while people were collecting fodder or fuelwood (53.7%), and almost half (48.2%) occurred in the buffer zone forests. We recommend the use of the conflict map developed here in the prioritization of preventive measures, and that strategies to reduce conflict should include zoning enforcement, improvement of livestock husbandry, participatory tiger monitoring, an insurance scheme, and community awareness.

scholarly journals THE INSTITUTIONAL EMPOWERMENT BUILDING OF THE THETHELAN (CROPS) FARMER ON REHABILITATION ZONE OF MERU BETIRI (TNMB) NATIONAL PARK IN EAST JAVA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Joko Mulyono ◽  
Lukman Wijaya Baratha ◽  
Ahmad Munif Mubarok
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
National Park ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Institution Theory ◽  
Market Intervention

The study entitled “ The institutional empowerment building of the crops farmer on rehabilitation zone of Meru Betiri national park in East Java” takes the fact that since the initialization of the Ecosystem Returns (PE) in 1999 in the rehabilitation zone until the year 2017, there is no optimum result of the program. Instead of getting greener, the zone becomes more dry, arid, and wither. The problem of the study is that what causes the PE program in rehabilitation zone ran less optimum? How to build the institutional empowerment of crops farmer? The purpose of this study is to identify factors that cause the less optimum of PE program at the rehabilitation zone and to formulate the model of optimum institutional empowerment of crops farmers. The primary data were through observation, interview, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), while the secondary data were from a mixed document of Green’s ecological theory and Nort’s institution theory. Less optimum of PE program is due to the cultural switch from abstinence to anthropocentric, the scarcity of farming land, and market intervention. The model of institutional empowerment of crops farmer is the cooperation and synergy interaction among the actors.

scholarly journals Park-people interaction - Its impact on livelihood and adaptive measures: A case study of Shivapur VDC, Bardiya District, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 167-180
Author(s):  
Narayan Prasad Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
National Park ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Local People ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Village Development Committee

This paper deals with the concept of theoretical and conceptual framework in a research with park-people interaction of Bardiya National Park (BNP) with specific reference to Shivapur Village Development Committee (VDC) of Bardiya district. The local people enter the park illegally and exploit the park resources like fodder, firewood, thatch, etc. They also try to kill wildlife either for food as traditional profession or for money. They frequently encounter with wildlife and get injured; sometimes they are killed. Similarly, wildlife cross the park boundary and destroy the crops and kill the livestock. Villagers also get their shelters and sheds damaged by them. BNP, therefore, has introduced various programmes to keep the conservation intact without disturbing the livelihood of Buffer Zone people. Several efforts, such as construction of Trench, Machan etc. have been made to address the issues associated with park people conflicts. In addition, endowment funds, such as Rahat Kosh, Apatkalin Kosh and Chetipurti Kosh have been established to provide and compensate to the human casualty and property (mainly building) damage.The Park-People interaction is the reality and the need is felt from both sides. Despite ups (harmony) and downs (conflicts) and despite differential use of resources by localities, the interface continues and is likely to continue so long as both these entities exist there. The need is to realize each-others limitations and strengthen their mutual understanding and the benefits.The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 10: 167-180, 2017

scholarly journals Marginal farmers carry the burden of damage caused by Asian elephants Elephas maximus in Bardiya National Park, Nepal

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Herbert H.T. Prins ◽  
Yorick Liefting ◽  
Joost F. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Farm Structures

Abstract In areas where farmland borders protected areas, wildlife may be attracted to crops and cause substantial financial damage for farmers. Elephants, in particular, can destroy a year's harvest in a single night, and can also cause damage to buildings and other farm structures. Few studies have examined whether damage caused by wild elephants increases social inequalities in farmer communities. We interviewed settlement leaders and subsistence rice farmers living in the buffer zone of Bardiya National Park, Nepal, to examine (1) the variation and spatial distribution of wealth within the farmer community, (2) the severity and spatio-temporal distribution of damage inflicted by Asian elephants Elephas maximus, and (3) the willingness to insure against such damage. We investigated whether particular societal strata are disproportionally affected by negative interactions with elephants. We found that farmers near the boundary between agricultural and wilderness areas were significantly poorer and had smaller landholdings than those further into the cultivated lands. Concomitantly, damage to crops and houses was more frequent nearer the wilderness–agriculture boundary than further away from it. Hence, in the buffer zone of Bardiya National Park, farmers near the wilderness–cultivation boundary, with small landholdings, had a relatively higher cost of elephant damage, yet were less willing to pay for an insurance scheme. We infer that in areas where both social inequality and damage caused by wildlife are spatially structured, conservation success may cause economic hardship for the local community, particularly for the poorer class. We discuss causes of the current lack of communal mitigation measures against the damage caused by elephants in the Park, and potential solutions.

scholarly journals Depredation and deteriorating condition of Shorea robusta and Terminalia alata in Bardia National Park: an imperative to address park biodiversity sustainably

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
GR Acharya ◽  
B Bhatta ◽  
AR Gyawali
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Local People ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Regeneration Status ◽  
Resource Needs

The paradigm shift in park management from a fortress mentality to the participatory concept is represented as a major transformation in the conservation discourse in Nepal. The involvement of local people in the management of resources in national parks has been significantly effective in attaining the conservation goals of conserving wildlife without compromising the basic forest resource needs of the local people. Nevertheless, some economically important species have not been afforded due consideration during such management. This study investigates the species composition and regeneration status of Shorea robusta (Sal) and Terminalia alata (Saj) in 4 Buffer Zone community Forests of Bardia National Park in Thakurdwara VDC in 1999/2000, 2002/2003 and 2005. The results reveal that Shorea robusta (Sal) and Terminalia alata (Saj) both constituted a large proportion of species diversity but that their regeneration from seedlings to established stages were low, suggesting vulnerability of this forest and their sustainability at risk due to their dwindling conditions. Immediate management concern of these economically important forest tree species is warranted. Keywords: Biodiversity, national park, shorea robusta, sustainability, terminalia alata   doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2181Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 37-40

scholarly journals Census of Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus in the region of Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil, with discussion of its threats and conservation

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVANA REIS LAMAS
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Local People ◽  
Tape Recording ◽  
Potential Threat

The biggest and best-known population of Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus occurs in the region of Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil. However, prior to our study it had been recorded in only six sites in the park and its buffer zone. In 2001 and 2002 we surveyed the region to confirm the occurrence of the Brazilian Merganser in different areas within and outside the park. Samples were taken by walking along the banks of the watercourses, using tape-recording playback. We sampled 49 stretches of streams, and observed Brazilian Mergansers in nine localities, totalling 29 sightings. Taking into consideration the reports by biologists who participated in the fieldwork for the review of the park's management plan, the guaranteed reports of the occurrence of the species from local people, and the sites where its occurrence is judged to be very likely, we believe there are at least 81 individuals in the areas sampled. We point out that the absence of records in an area does not mean the absence of the species. Indeed, the presence of the Brazilian Merganser was confirmed, after the end of our field studies, in some stretches where we indicated its occurrence as very likely but had failed to detect it during the sampling. All anthropogenic activities that influence the quality and integrity of the rivers and their banks are a potential threat to Mergus octosetaceus. Efforts to preserve the species entail the conservation of its habitats, which comprise important watercourses and the surrounding natural vegetation.

Small island mitigation based on mangrove ecosystem management in Bunaken National Park

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Joshian N.W Schaduw
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Collaborative Management ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
The Government

Small islands are susceptible to many environmental impacts. Impacts affecting ecological processes include climate change, sea level rise, natural disasters, abrasion, sedimentation, erosion and pollution. To minimize vulnerability the assessing the effectiveness of mitigation measures in these coastal ecosystems is urgently needed. This research analyzes vulnerability of a small island mangrove ecosystem and the effectiveness of management strategy for mangrove ecosystem based mitigation. This research uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data was gathered by sampling, field observation, and questionnaire analysis. Vulnerability index was analyzed using multi-dimensional scaling method, and vulnerability mapping was analyzed by using geographic information system (GIS) using the software Arcview Project 3.3. Stakeholder analysis was used for patterns and strategic management, through a technique SMART (Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique) using the software Criterium Decision Plus. The results show that Bunaken Island has the highest vulnerability level, followed by the island of Manado Tua, Nain, and the lowest level was found in Mantehage island. The most important factor of vulnerability in the small island Bunaken National Park is the area of mangrove ecosystem. Increased area of mangrove ecosystem will increase the effectiveness as a buffer zone as well as increase the capacity of the ecosystem on the social, economic, and governance dimensions. A management scheme which can accommodate a variety of problems faced by the mangrove ecosystem of small islands is a collaborative management by the government as the leading sector, with the highest priority on the management of the ecological dimension. Pulau-pulau kecil merupakan daerah yang rentan terhadap berbagai faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah faktor ekologis. Faktor ekologi meliputi perubahan iklim, kenaikan permukaan air laut, bencana alam, abrasi, sedimentasi, erosi dan polusi. Untuk meminimalkan kerentanan, efektivitas ekosistem pesisir sangat dibutuhkan. Penelitian ini menganalisis kerentanan pulau kecil, efektivitas ekosistem mangrove, dan strategi pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove berbasis mitigasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui sampling, observasi lapangan, dan angket. Kerentanan dianalisis menggunakan metode multidimensional scaling, sedangkan pemetaan kerentanan dianalisis dengan sistem informasi geografis menggunakan perangkat lunak ArcView 3.3. Analisis Stakeholder digunakan untuk pola dan manajemen strategi, melalui teknik SMART (Simple atribut teknik Peringkat multi) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Criterium Decision Plus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pulau Bunaken memiliki tingkat kerentanan tertinggi, diikuti oleh Pulau Manado Tua, Nain, dan Pulau Mantehage terendah. Faktor utama kerentanan di pulau kecil Taman Nasional Bunaken adalah luasan ekosistem mangrove. Peningkatan kawasan ekosistem mangrove akan meningkatkan efektivitas ekosistem mangrove sebagai buffer zone serta meningkatkan kapasitas ekosistem ini pada dimensi sosial, ekonomi, dan pemerintahan. Pola pengelolaan yang dapat menampung berbagai masalah yang dihadapi oleh ekosistem mangrove pulau-pulau kecil adalah kolaboratif manajemen dengan prioritas utam pada pengelolaan dimensi ekologi dan pemerintah sebagai leading sector.

scholarly journals Socio-economic analysis of ecotourism activities of women in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1099-1105
Author(s):  
Tayyibe Açikgoz Altunel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Park ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Local People ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Observation Method

Ecotourism is a type of tourism in which maximum benefits are provided to local people while protecting the environment. Local people care more about the sustainability of biodiversity and they are very effective at protecting it. Kure Mountains National Park is one of the most important protected areas for accelerating ecotourism, having tremendous natural resources, protected traditional cultures, caves, canyons, waterfalls and natural wonders. In this study, we aimed to examine the support of women in ecotourism activities in Kure Mountain National Park. To measure the support of women in ecotourism, we conducted face-to-face surveys with 366 women from 53 villages and used observation method. It was found that the level of education in the region is quite low, 65 out of 98 women having 64 years of age and older were illiterate. As the level of education decreased, there was an increase in the unemployment. About 94.3% of the women living in the buffer zone of the park stated that there was no relation between their income and the status of National Park. These findings are important in understanding the role of women in the development of ecotourism. Moreover, stimulating ecotourism activities with encouragement and micro-development plans for local people will increase their livelihoods and people who live in and around the National Park will be more careful to protect these areas

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