Light microscope observations of granulomatous reactions against developing Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) in mouse and rat

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Ambrose ◽  
J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Granulomatous Lesion ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Epithelioid Cells ◽  
Large Numbers

SUMMARYThe development of granulomatous reactions against moulting nymphal pentastomids (Porocephalus crotali) in the tissues of rat and mouse intermediate hosts is described. Adipose tissue and lungs are favoured sites for encystment accounting for 70% of larvae. Six moults separate the primary larva from the final infective stage which first appears about 80 days post-infection (p.i.) and is fully infective by day 120. Larvae, and particularly their cast cuticles, are the foci of granulomatous reactions characterized by an intense eosinophilia. During ecdysis, large numbers of eosinophils permeate the entire lesion but, significantly, degranulation is limited to the underside of cast cuticles where the resultant debris is endocytosed by macrophage/epithelioid cells. A pronounced asymmetry in the granulomatous lesion, evident even in the earliest cysts, results from the accumulation of individual epithelioid granulomas associated with cuticle fragments close to the ventral side of the developing parasite; each is circumscribed by fibrosis. External to this region are extensive tracts of tissue composed of mature plasma cells. Particularly in rats, large numbers of partially degranulated mast cells ( = globule leucocytes) also surround cuticle granulomas, and mast cell granules can accumulate within macrophages and fibroblasts. Inflammation slowly subsides once the infective stage is attained. This 1 cm-long larva resides in a thin, fibrotic, C-shaped cyst and can remain viable for years: uniquely this instar retains its last moulted cuticle as a protective sheath. Nymphal instars II-VI feed predominantly upon eosinophils but we do not yet know whether this requirement is obligate.

Photoelectric Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Mast-Cell-Associated Enzyme Activity in Human Gingival Tissues

1970 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-486
Author(s):  
F.M. Sorenson ◽  
J.S. Bennett ◽  
D. Fujita ◽  
F.R. Poindexter ◽  
W.B. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Photoelectric Method ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Biologic Activity ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Human Gingiva

Simple counts of mast cells per unit of human gingiva are often difficult to interpret because of the large numbers and varying sizes and shapes of the counted structures. The relatively simple photoelectric scanning method described herein eliminates tedious counting procedures while providing a measure of the relative quantity of stainable mast cell granules within the area scanned. Thus, the method may provide a better estimate of the total biologic activity than would simple mast cell counts.

The recruitment of mast cells, exclusively of the mucosal phenotype, into granulomatous lesions caused by the pentastomid parasitePorocephalus crotali: recruitment is irrespective of site

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. McHardy ◽  
J. Riley ◽  
J. F. Huntley
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Eosinophilic Granuloma ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mucosal Mast Cells

SUMMARYAdults of the porocephalid pentastomidPorocephalus crotaliinfect the lung of rattlesnake definitive hosts and larvae develop in rat intermediate hosts. In the latter, nymphs encyst within a variety of tissue sites (commonly abdominal fat bodies and lungs) and each becomes the focus of an eosinophilic granuloma. From an early stage in infections, granulomas become increasingly infiltrated by mast cells which, using conventional histology and paired immunofluorescence against mast cell proteases, appear to be exclusively of the mucosal phenotype. Mucosal mast cells are concentrated along the dorsal region of the parasite and in a plug of tissue containing degenerating cuticles within independent granulomas, which is located between its head and tail. ELISAs against the rat mast cell proteases I and II (RMCP I and II), extracted from abdominal fat, lung, spleen, liver and kidney granulomas at various intervals post-infection, reveal a substantially elevated concentration of RMCP II in all lesions. In fat, concentrations increase up to about 100 days post-infection, at which time moulting ceases and inflammatory responses subside. RMCP II was scarcely detectable in matched control tissues. Unlike infections with certain nematode parasites, where enteric mucosal mast cells secrete RMCP II systemically, concentrations of RMCP II in the serum of infected rats were significantly reduced when compared with age-matched uninfected controls. These results confirm thatP. crotalican selectively recruit mucosal mast cells to a variety of tissue sites, most of which are non-mucosal. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

scholarly journals Increased number of mast cells in epicardial adipose tissue of cardiac surgery patients with coronary artery disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 621-631
Author(s):  
K Rozsívalová ◽  
H Pierzynová ◽  
J Kratochvílová ◽  
M Lindner ◽  
M Lipš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Artery Disease

Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Mast cells represent an important component of the innate defense system of the organism. In our work, we quantified mast cell number in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and right atrial myocardium (RA) in patients undergoing open heart surgery (n=57). Bioptic samples of EAT (n=44), SAT (n=42) and RA (n=17) were fixed by 4 % paraformaldehyde and embedded into paraffin. An anti-mast cell tryptase antibody was used for immunohistochemical detection and quantification of mast cells. We also demonstrated immunohistochemically the expression of CD117 and chymase markers. In EAT of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), higher incidence of mast cells has been found compared to patients without CAD (3.7±2.6 vs. 2.1±1.2 cells/mm(2)). In SAT and RA, there was no difference in the number of mast cells in CAD and non-CAD patients. Mast cells in SAT, EAT and RA expressed CD117 and chymase. An increased incidence of mast cells in EAT of CAD patients may indicate the specific role of these inflammatory cells in relation to EAT and coronary arteries affected by atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Development of large numbers of mast cells at sites of idiopathic chronic dermatitis in genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1661-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Galli ◽  
N Arizono ◽  
T Murakami ◽  
AM Dvorak ◽  
JG Fox
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Function

Abstract The normal skin and other tissues of adult mast cell-deficient WBB6F1- W/Wv or WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice contain less than 1.0% the number of mast cells present in the corresponding tissues of the congenic normal (+/+) mice. As a result, genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv or WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice are widely used for studies of mast cell differentiation and function. We found that mast cells developed at sites of idiopathic chronic dermatitis in WBB6F1-W/Wv mice and that the number of mast cells present in the skin of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice was proportional to the severity of the dermatitis (in ear skin, there were 33 +/- 4 mast cells/mm2 of dermis at sites of severe dermatitis v 9 +/- 3 at sites of mild dermatitis, 0.8 +/- 0.3 in skin without dermatitis, and 100 +/- 7 in the normal skin of congenic WBB6F1-+/+ mice; in back skin, the corresponding values were 2.0 +/- 0.6, 1.1 +/- 0.9, 0.025 +/- 0.025, and 26.2 +/- 3.2). The development of mast cells was a local, not systemic, consequence of the dermatitis. Thus, WBB6F1-W/Wv mice with severe dermatitis lacked mast cells in skin not showing signs of dermatitis and also in the peritoneal cavity, stomach, cecum, and tongue. Idiopathic chronic dermatitis was not associated with the local development of mast cells in WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice, a mutant whose mast cell deficiency is due to a mechanism distinct from that of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice. These findings may have implications for understanding the nature of the mast cell deficiency in WBB6F1-W/Wv and WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice and for the use of these mutants to analyze mast cell differentiation and function.

scholarly journals Correlation between clinical findings, mast cell count and interleukin 31 immunostaining in the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Hess Rodrigues Gonçalves ◽  
Bruna Dantas Matos ◽  
Mariana Batista Rodrigues Faleiro ◽  
Emmanuel Arnhold ◽  
Moema Pacheco Chediak Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Clinical Scores ◽  
Mast Cell Count

ABSTRACT: In this study the correlation between the clinical score, mast cell count and interleukin 31 (IL-31) immunostaining in the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis was determined. A total of 31 dogs of different breeds, from one to eight years of age, were chosen for the study. The 20 females and 11 males were categorized based on the CADESI-4 system, as having discrete, moderate or marked atopic dermatitis. Skin samples were collected from the axillary and interdigital regions and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for cytohistomorphological analyses and toluidine blue to evaluate the mast cell counts, and immunohistochemistry for the IL-31 immunostaining. Animals revealing higher atopic dermatitis scores had greater numbers of mast cells and IL-31 immunolabeled cells. More numbers of cells immunolabeled for IL-31 were evident in the axillary skin compared with the interdigital skin in dogs having this condition. A correlation was identified between the clinical scores and mast cell numbers in the interdigital region, as well as between the clinical scores and number of cells immunolabeled for IL-31 in the axillary area. A correlation was also reported between the mast cell numbers and IL-31 immunolabeled cells only in the axillary skin, and none in the interdigital regions. It was thus concluded that the mast cells and IL-31 are involved in the pathogenesis of the canine atopic dermatitis (CAD), as well as lymphocytes and plasma cells. It was also observed that the higher the degree of clinical severity of the disease, the more the numbers of mast cells and IL-31 in the skin of those animals suffering from CAD, which implies the influence of these immunological constituents on the genesis of pruritus and disease progression.

scholarly journals Ribonucleic Acid in Canine Mast Cell Granules and the Possible Interrelationship of Mast Cells and Plasma Cells

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Hottendorf ◽  
S.W. Nielsen ◽  
A.J. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Transitional Form ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Common Precursor

RNase-sensitive pyroninophilia has been demonstrated in neoplastic and non-neoplastic canine mast cell granules and it was concluded that these granules contain RNA. When combined with (1) the observed morphologic similarities between mast cells and plasma cells, (2) the presence of common distinctive ultrastructures, (3) the differentiation of both cells from a common precursor and (4) the participation in a common reaction, the presence of RNA in mast cell granules is offered as additional evidence for a mast cell-plasma cell relationship. A proposed functional relationship between these two cells is discussed and the “plasma mast cell” is proposed as a possible transitional form between mast cells and plasma cells.

Involvement of mast cells in adipose tissue fibrosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. E247-E255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizuka Hirai ◽  
Chie Ohyane ◽  
Young-Il Kim ◽  
Shan Lin ◽  
Tsuyoshi Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Preadipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Tissue Fibrosis ◽  
3T3 Fibroblasts ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Severely Obese

Recently, fibrosis is observed in obese adipose tissue; however, the pathogenesis remains to be clarified. Obese adipose tissue is characterized by chronic inflammation with massive accumulation of immune cells including mast cells. The objective of the present study was to clarify the relationship between fibrosis and mast cells in obese adipose tissue, as well as to determine the origin of infiltrating mast cells. We observed the enhancement of mast cell accumulation and fibrosis in adipose tissue of severely obese diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, adipose tissue-conditioned medium (ATCM) from severely obese diabetic db/db mice significantly enhanced collagen 5 mRNA expression in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, and this enhancement was suppressed by the addition of an anti-mast cell protease 6 (MCP-6) antibody. An in vitro study showed that only collagen V among various types of collagen inhibited preadipocyte differentiation. Moreover, we found that ATCM from the nonobese but not obese stages of db/db mice significantly enhanced the migration of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). These findings suggest that immature mast cells that infiltrate into adipose tissue at the nonobese stage gradually mature with the progression of obesity and diabetes and that MCP-6 secreted from mature mast cells induces collagen V expression in obese adipose tissue, which may contribute to the process of adipose tissue fibrosis. Induction of collagen V by MCP-6 might accelerate insulin resistance via the suppression of preadipocyte differentiation.

scholarly journals Development of large numbers of mast cells at sites of idiopathic chronic dermatitis in genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1661-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Galli ◽  
N Arizono ◽  
T Murakami ◽  
AM Dvorak ◽  
JG Fox
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Function

The normal skin and other tissues of adult mast cell-deficient WBB6F1- W/Wv or WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice contain less than 1.0% the number of mast cells present in the corresponding tissues of the congenic normal (+/+) mice. As a result, genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv or WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice are widely used for studies of mast cell differentiation and function. We found that mast cells developed at sites of idiopathic chronic dermatitis in WBB6F1-W/Wv mice and that the number of mast cells present in the skin of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice was proportional to the severity of the dermatitis (in ear skin, there were 33 +/- 4 mast cells/mm2 of dermis at sites of severe dermatitis v 9 +/- 3 at sites of mild dermatitis, 0.8 +/- 0.3 in skin without dermatitis, and 100 +/- 7 in the normal skin of congenic WBB6F1-+/+ mice; in back skin, the corresponding values were 2.0 +/- 0.6, 1.1 +/- 0.9, 0.025 +/- 0.025, and 26.2 +/- 3.2). The development of mast cells was a local, not systemic, consequence of the dermatitis. Thus, WBB6F1-W/Wv mice with severe dermatitis lacked mast cells in skin not showing signs of dermatitis and also in the peritoneal cavity, stomach, cecum, and tongue. Idiopathic chronic dermatitis was not associated with the local development of mast cells in WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice, a mutant whose mast cell deficiency is due to a mechanism distinct from that of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice. These findings may have implications for understanding the nature of the mast cell deficiency in WBB6F1-W/Wv and WCB6F1-Sl/Sld mice and for the use of these mutants to analyze mast cell differentiation and function.

scholarly journals In Patients With Obesity, the Number of Adipose Tissue Mast Cells Is Significantly Lower in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lopez-Perez ◽  
Anaïs Redruello-Romero ◽  
Jesús Garcia-Rubio ◽  
Carlos Arana ◽  
Luis A. Garcia-Escudero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hypoxic Cell ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Endocrine Signaling

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rising global health problem mainly caused by obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. In healthy individuals, white adipose tissue (WAT) has a relevant homeostatic role in glucose metabolism, energy storage, and endocrine signaling. Mast cells contribute to these functions promoting WAT angiogenesis and adipogenesis. In patients with T2D, inflammation dramatically impacts WAT functioning, which results in the recruitment of several leukocytes, including monocytes, that enhance this inflammation. Accordingly, the macrophages population rises as the WAT inflammation increases during the T2D status worsening. Since mast cell progenitors cannot arrive at WAT, the amount of WAT mast cells depends on how the new microenvironment affects progenitor and differentiated mast cells. Here, we employed a flow cytometry-based approach to analyze the number of mast cells from omental white adipose tissue (o-WAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (s-WAT) in a cohort of 100 patients with obesity. Additionally, we measured the number of mast cell progenitors in a subcohort of 15 patients. The cohort was divided in three groups: non-T2D, pre-T2D, and T2D. Importantly, patients with T2D have a mild condition (HbA1c <7%). The number of mast cells and mast cell progenitors was lower in patients with T2D in both o-WAT and s-WAT in comparison to subjects from the pre-T2D and non-T2D groups. In the case of mast cells in o-WAT, there were statistically significant differences between non-T2D and T2D groups (p = 0.0031), together with pre-T2D and T2D groups (p=0.0097). However, in s-WAT, the differences are only between non-T2D and T2D groups (p=0.047). These differences have been obtained with patients with a mild T2D condition. Therefore, little changes in T2D status have a huge impact on the number of mast cells in WAT, especially in o-WAT. Due to the importance of mast cells in WAT physiology, their decrease can reduce the capacity of WAT, especially o-WAT, to store lipids and cause hypoxic cell deaths that will trigger inflammation.

Cytochemical analysis of mast cell granules after poly-dl-lysine action

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
R. Courtoy ◽  
L.J. Simar ◽  
J. Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Ferric Thiocyanate ◽  
Cytochemical Analysis ◽  
Mast Cell Granule ◽  
Amine Liberation

Several chemical compounds induce amine liberation from mast cells but do not necessarily provoque the granule expulsion. For example, poly-dl-lysine induces modifications of the cellular membrane permeability which promotes ion exchange at the level of mast cell granules. Few of them are expulsed but the majority remains in the cytoplasm and appears less dense to the electrons. A cytochemical analysis has been performed to determine the composition of these granules after the polylysine action.We have previously reported that it was possible to demonstrate polyanions on epon thin sections using a cetylpyridinium ferric thiocyanate method. Organic bases are selectively stained with cobalt thiocyanate and the sulfhydryle groups are characterized with a silver methenamine reaction. These techniques permit to reveal the mast cell granule constituents, i.e. heparin, biogenic amines and basic proteins.

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