The gull-tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and neuropeptide F: an immunocytochemical study

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
A. G. Maule ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Posterior Border ◽  
Double Immunostaining ◽  
Diphyllobothrium Dendriticum ◽  
New Information ◽  
Neuropeptide F ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Medullary Parenchyma

Neuropeptide F (Moniezia expansa) immunoreactivity (NPF-IR) has been detected in the nervous system of plerocercoid and adult stages of the gull-tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, using immunocytochemical methodology. The application of the antiserum for this authentic flatworm neuropeptide to whole-mounts and frozen sections of the worm has resulted in new information about its neuroanatomy. Thus, at regular intervals, transverse nerves extend from the main nerve cords laterally, joining the longitudinal lateral minor cords in the cortical parenchyma. In the adult worm, the transverse nerves are located at the posterior border of each proglottis. The medullary parenchyma lacks NPF-IR. The NPF-immunoreactive cell bodies are bi- to multipolar and preferentially located in the peripheral nervous system, in close association with the holdfast musculature of the scolex and the extensive body musculature. NPF-IR was observed in the innervation to the muscular ducts of the reproductive system. The pattern of NPF-IR was compared with that recorded for RFamide- and 5-HT-IR and double-immunostaining has revealed separate populations of serotoninergic and peptidergic neurones.

scholarly journals Malpigmentation of Common Sole (Solea solea) during Metamorphosis Is Associated with Differential Synaptic-Related Gene Expression

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Menelaos Kavouras ◽  
Emmanouil E. Malandrakis ◽  
Ewout Blom ◽  
Kyriaki Tsilika ◽  
Theodoros Danis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Sole

In farmed flatfish, such as common sole, color disturbances are common. Dyschromia is a general term that includes the color defects on the blind and ocular sides of the fish. The purpose was to examine the difference in gene expression between normal pigmented and juveniles who present ambicoloration. The analysis was carried out with next-generation sequencing techniques and de novo assembly of the transcriptome. Transcripts that showed significant differences (FDR < 0.05) in the expression between the two groups, were related to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio), functionally identified, and classified into categories of the gene ontology. The results revealed that ambicolorated juveniles exhibit a divergent function, mainly of the central nervous system at the synaptic level, as well as the ionic channels. The close association of chromophore cells with the growth of nerve cells and the nervous system was recorded. The pathway, glutamate binding–activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors–long-term stimulation of postsynaptic potential–LTP (long term potentiation)–plasticity of synapses, appears to be affected. In addition, the development of synapses also seems to be affected by the interaction of the LGI (leucine-rich glioma inactivated) protein family with the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) ones.

Vital staining of cells of the brain vegetative centers

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 730-731
Author(s):  
G. P.
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dark Blue

V. Rakhmanov (Zhurn. Neurop. And Psych., 1925, No. 3-4) proposes to inject them with 1% Trypanblau solution in the amount of 1 cubic meter to study the vegetative centers in mice. with. weekly for 6-8 weeks. The brain is fixed in 10% formalin, frozen sections are stained with alum carmine or cochineal. In this case, dark blue dust-like grains appear in the plasma and nuclei of cells - selectively for the cells of the autonomic nervous system.

Comparison of Potassium Transport in Three Structurally Distinct Regions of The Insect Midgut

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
MOIRA CIOFFI ◽  
WILLIAM R. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Potassium Transport ◽  
Structural Requirement ◽  
Posterior Midgut ◽  
New Information ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties

1. Active potassium transport across the isolated midgut of the Tobacco Hornworm larva, Manduca sexta, was studied by measuring the short circuit current (ISC) and unidirectional 42-potassium fluxes. 2. The midgut is composed of structurally distinct anterior, middle and posterior regions, all of which are shown to transport potassium, so that by comparing and contrasting their structural and functional properties new information on the mechanism of midgut potassium transport was obtained. 3. It has previously been shown that the potassium pump is located on the apical membrane of the goblet cell. In the anterior and middle regions of the midgut the goblet cell has a large cavity and mitochondria are closely associated with the apical membrane while in the posterior midgut the goblet cavity is much smaller, and mitochondria are not associated with the apical membrane. However, the apical membrane particles which have been implicated in active potassium transport in a number of other insect epithelia are present in all three regions. This observation suggests that the particles are a structural requirement for active transport, and that close association between mitochondria and the transporting membrane is not essential. 4. Comparison of the kinetic influx pool size and the differences in the ISC decay profiles between the three midgut regions suggest that part of the influx pool is a transported pool located in the goblet cavity. 5. A new model to explain the driving force for potassium transport in the midgut is proposed, in which the rate of potassium transport controls the entrance of potassium into the cell, rather than the opposite, currently accepted view.

The anatomy of the nervous system in the genus Gerris (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 244 (708) ◽  
pp. 65-102 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Corpora Pedunculata ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Degree Of Condensation ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Object Of Study

The most successful methods used in this study were Palmgren’s silver-on-the-slide technique, the rapid silver nitrate method of Golgi, and a method that has seldom been applied to insect material, the Golgi-Cox mercuric chloride method. A way of preparing sections of adult hardened insects by infiltrating with wax prior to softening with chlorinated acetic acid and nitric acid was also employed. The nervous system of Gerris shows a high degree of condensation in that all the segmental neuromeres are fused. This characteristic of the nervous system may be associated with the disposition of the one hundred and twenty-two pairs of muscles. The nerves of the head are specialized in association with the complex mouthparts. There are distinct stylet and labral ganglia, and peripheral interconnexions between some of the nerves. The posterior labral nerve was traced to the principal salivary gland. The reticulum described by Baptist (1941) as of a nervous nature was shown to consist of fine muscle fibres: the much finer nerve fibres were also stained in silver preparations. The many separate nerves of the prothorax reflect the unspecialized nature of this segment as compared with the meso- and metathorax in which most of the fibres are gathered into a few nerve trunks. The coalesced neuromeres of the abdominal region give rise to a pair of posterior nerve trunks connected with small ganglia or lateral bodies lying near the spiracles. These ganglia appear similar to the structures described by Landois & Thelen (1867), as controlling spiracular movements in Cossus . Rough estimates of the number of cells in different parts of the nervous system were correlated with the percentage success of staining methods, and specialization of the neuromeres. The form and arrangement of neurones within the optic and protocerebral centres of Gerris conforms for the most part to the patterns worked out in other insects, though there do not seem to be as many different types of internuncial neurone in the optic lobes of Gerris as exist in Apis or Calliphora (Cajal & Sanchez 1915). The corpora pedunculata are connected through a dorsal glomerulus with the deutocerebrum, the glomerulus having the form of a loose meshwork of fine fibres rather than of a distinct calyx. The deutocerebrum is indistinctly divided into anterior and posterior glomeruli, as described in Apis by Sanchez (1936). The form and size of the elements composing the somewhat enigmatic posterior glomerulus in Gerris supports the view that this is a motor centre. The close association between the maxillary and mandibular nerves is to some extent reflected in the internal organization of these neuromeres. Separate ventral areas could be distinguished, but ganglionic boundaries were indistinct. The large labral centre shows many of the features of a trunk ganglion. The pattern of neurones in the thoracic and abdominal centres could be compared in detail with the pattern described by Zawarzin (1924) in the larva of Aeschna . There are three unusually large internuncials with processes in this region, and cell bodies in the protocerebrum and suboesophageal centres. It is suggested that they form part of a dual physiological system controlling the motor centres of the thorax (Roeder 1953). The mesothoracic centre was made a special object of study as representative of the thoracic neuromeres. The fibre tracts are clearly marked and can be seen to correspond to functional regions within the centre. The alary nervous system of the mesothorax was investigated in some detail in both winged and wingless forms of Gerris . In the flying forms dorsal and ventral tracts can be distinguished, associated with motor and sensory regions of the mesothoracic neuropile respectively. In forms without wing muscles or fully developed wings the dorsal tract is absent or vestigial and the ventral tract is clearly reduced. The abdominal neuromeres are very closely compacted so that they tend to lose their identity. The ventral longitudinal tracts are unusually well developed and this may be correlated with the importance of the sensory areas.

Terminal Classic Maya Heterodoxy and Shrine Vernacularism in the Sibun Valley, Belize

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. McAnany
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
New Information ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sibun Valley

A monolithic view of Classic Maya society as dominated by divine rulers who inexplicably ceased to erect monuments with long-count dates during the ninth century is examined by reference to new information from Terminal Classic sites in the Sibun Valley of Belize. In this locale and elsewhere, the construction of circular one-room buildings — with striking associated artefacts — may be interpreted as signalling social tensions between the orthodoxy of Classic Maya divine rulers and the more heterodoxic beliefs and practices associated with circular structures built at the end of the Classic period. The round buildings are contextualized within the diversity of architectural expressions of the Sibun Valley and also within a peninsula-wide network of shrines. The chronological placement and character of the Sibun shrines is discussed by way of radiocarbon assays, obsidian sourced by INAA, and raw materials used for groundstone at sites throughout the valley. The presence of marine shell and speleothems — likely used as architectural adornment — found in close association with Sibun Valley round buildings permits discussion of the manner in which elements of the local effected a translation of heterodoxic tenets into vernacularized shrine architecture.

scholarly journals A large population of diverse neurons in the Drosophilacentral nervous system expresses short neuropeptide F, suggesting multiple distributed peptide functions

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick R Nässel ◽  
Lina E Enell ◽  
Jonathan G Santos ◽  
Christian Wegener ◽  
Helena AD Johard
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Neuropeptide F

scholarly journals RYEGRASS STAGGERS: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND AETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

1983 ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
P.H. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Biochemical Lesion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This paper briefly introduces animal disease aspects of ryegrass staggers IFiGS) and describes the occurence and the clinical signs of the disease. Recent suggestions for the production of a reversible biochemical lesion in the central nervous system are mentioned in relation to the apparent lack of specific morphological lesions found in sheep. The recent isolation of novel potent neurotoxins, the lolitrems, from toxic pasture material is reviewed. There is now strong circumstantial evidence that the lolitrems produce the neurotoxic disease of RGS and also that the lolitrems are elaborated in the close association of perennial ryegrass with its parasitic fungus, Lolium endophyte, in pastures. Under what conditions the lolitrems are produced, or their precise locus within the association, are not yet known.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND ITS SUPPLEMATION IN DISEASES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
M.V. Khaitovych
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Review

Relevance. Anti-depressant effects of NMDA receptor antagonists have been proven, a close association between low levels of magnesium in the blood and depression. Therefore, in recent years, antidepressant properties of magnesium are actively studied in animal experiments. Objective: To review modern literary sources about the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system. Materials and methods. Searching for a depth of 12 years at Scopus, Google Scholar. Results. The results of experimental and clinical researches pointed out on association between low level of magnesium in hair, liquor, brain with higher risk of development dementia, depression and anxiety. An additional supplementation with magnesium in patients associates with decreasing risk of ischemic stroke and dementia, in pregnancy – provides neuroprotection of fetus, in case of depression increases effectiveness of antidepressants, in brain injury associates with faster recovery of cognitive functions, in migraines - with decreasing in the frequency of attacks and improvement of the quality patients’ lives, in case of neuroleptic therapy - with the possibility of delayed appearance or absence of manifestations of drug parkinsonism. These changes are explained by antagonistic effects of magnesium on glutamate receptors, decreasing oxidative stress intensity as well as neural cell  apoptosis. Conclusion. Magnesium plays an important neuroprotective role.

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