scholarly journals RYEGRASS STAGGERS: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND AETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS

1983 ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
P.H. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Biochemical Lesion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This paper briefly introduces animal disease aspects of ryegrass staggers IFiGS) and describes the occurence and the clinical signs of the disease. Recent suggestions for the production of a reversible biochemical lesion in the central nervous system are mentioned in relation to the apparent lack of specific morphological lesions found in sheep. The recent isolation of novel potent neurotoxins, the lolitrems, from toxic pasture material is reviewed. There is now strong circumstantial evidence that the lolitrems produce the neurotoxic disease of RGS and also that the lolitrems are elaborated in the close association of perennial ryegrass with its parasitic fungus, Lolium endophyte, in pastures. Under what conditions the lolitrems are produced, or their precise locus within the association, are not yet known.

scholarly journals Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela de Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Teruya Oshiro ◽  
Rebeca Vieira Pinto ◽  
Bruna Corrêa de Castro ◽  
Karla Borges Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
The Brain

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.

Clinical and neurosonographic signs of c entral nervous system in newborns

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (30) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Хетагурова ◽  
Yuliana Khetagurova ◽  
Ревазова ◽  
Asya Revazova ◽  
Бораева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Moderate Severity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Significant Mortality

Despite of significant progress in the development of technologies of clinical monitoring and the fetus and newborn pathology study, perinatal asphyxia or, more accurately – cerebral ischemia (CI) remain serious condition, causing significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Chi-acquired syndrome characterized by clinical and laboratory signs of acute brain injury due to asphyxia (ie, hypoxia, acidosis). The paper reflects the main clinical signs and neurosonographic lesion of the Central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal newborn infants with different gestational age who underwent CI mild to moderate severity.

scholarly journals A Neuropathy in Goats Caused by Experimental Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) Poisoning

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Charlton ◽  
K. R. Pierce ◽  
R. W. Storts ◽  
C. H. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Axonal Dystrophy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Oral Doses

Twenty-two goats were poisoned with daily oral doses of ground coyotillo fruits and were killed at various times after the first day of dosing. The morphologic features and distribution of lesions in the central nervous system were studied by light microscopy. An axonal dystrophy occurred in several of the goats given high daily doses. Swellings occurred along axons of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was a fairly close correlation between the occurrence of clinical signs suggestive of the neocerebellar syndrome and the occurrence and distribution of lesions in the cerebellum.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND ITS SUPPLEMATION IN DISEASES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
M.V. Khaitovych
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Review

Relevance. Anti-depressant effects of NMDA receptor antagonists have been proven, a close association between low levels of magnesium in the blood and depression. Therefore, in recent years, antidepressant properties of magnesium are actively studied in animal experiments. Objective: To review modern literary sources about the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system. Materials and methods. Searching for a depth of 12 years at Scopus, Google Scholar. Results. The results of experimental and clinical researches pointed out on association between low level of magnesium in hair, liquor, brain with higher risk of development dementia, depression and anxiety. An additional supplementation with magnesium in patients associates with decreasing risk of ischemic stroke and dementia, in pregnancy – provides neuroprotection of fetus, in case of depression increases effectiveness of antidepressants, in brain injury associates with faster recovery of cognitive functions, in migraines - with decreasing in the frequency of attacks and improvement of the quality patients’ lives, in case of neuroleptic therapy - with the possibility of delayed appearance or absence of manifestations of drug parkinsonism. These changes are explained by antagonistic effects of magnesium on glutamate receptors, decreasing oxidative stress intensity as well as neural cell  apoptosis. Conclusion. Magnesium plays an important neuroprotective role.

Role of endothelin-1 in stress response in the central nervous system

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. R515-R521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Kurihara ◽  
Hiroki Kurihara ◽  
Hiroyuki Morita ◽  
Wei-Hua Cao ◽  
Guang-Yi Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Catecholamine Metabolism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide that induces a variety of biological activities, including vasoconstriction and cell proliferation, and its likely involvement in cardiovascular and other diseases has recently led to broad clinical trials of ET receptor antagonists. ET-1 is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is thought to regulate hormone and neurotransmitter release. Here we show that CNS responses to emotional and physical stressors are differentially affected in heterozygous ET-1-knockout mice, which exhibited diminished aggressive and autonomic responses toward intruders (emotional stressors) but responded to restraint-induced (physical) stress more intensely than wild-type mice. This suggests differing roles of ET-1 in the central pathways mediating responses to different types of stress. Hypothalamic levels of ET-1 and the catecholamine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were both increased in wild-type mice subjected to intruder stress, whereas MHPG levels were not significantly affected in ET-1-knockout mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that ET-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway, were colocalized within certain neurons of the hypothalamus and amygdala. Our findings suggest that ET-1 modulates central coordination of stress responses in close association with catecholamine metabolism.

Extravascular foci ofTrypanosoma vivaxin goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Whitelaw ◽  
P. R. Gardiner ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARYRelapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur withTrypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci ofT. vivaxcan also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock ofT. vivaxresulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by re-emergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide.

Effects of an aqueous extract of North American ginseng on MOG(35–55)-induced EAE in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Bowie ◽  
Wendi A. Roscoe ◽  
Ed M.K. Lui ◽  
Robin Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, in which the release of reactive oxygen species by infiltrating immune cells contributes to demyelination. American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) is a natural health product with numerous beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ginseng could influence the course of the disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. C57BL/6J mice were immunized with MOG(35–55) peptide to induce EAE. After clinical disease appeared, mice received either oral doses of an aqueous extract of ginseng (150 mg/kg body mass), or the vehicle. Clinical symptoms were recorded, and spinal cord tissue samples were analyzed for pathological signs of disease. The aqueous extract of ginseng significantly decreased (i) clinical signs of EAE, (ii) levels of circulating TNF-α, and (iii) central nervous system immunoreactive iNOS and demyelination scores, without a change in other neuropathological measures. This study shows that an aqueous extract of ginseng may be able to attenuate certain signs of EAE, suggesting that it may be a useful adjuvant therapy for MS.

scholarly journals Naphthoquine-induced Central Nervous System and Hepatic Vasculocentric Toxicity in the Beagle Dog

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1128-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Rene Galarneau ◽  
Emily K. Meseck ◽  
Robert L. Hall ◽  
Wenkui Li ◽  
Margaret L. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Plasma Exposure ◽  
Toxicology Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microscopic Findings

Naphthoquine phosphate (NP) was considered as a partner drug with a promising antimalarial drug candidate. Here we report unexpected adverse clinical signs and microscopic findings in a canine pilot toxicology study with NP. Male and female dogs were dosed daily by oral gavage with NP at 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day for a maximum of 14 days. NP was not tolerated at ≥10 mg/kg/day; several animals were sacrificed in moribund condition and marked neurological clinical signs were noted at 50 mg/kg/day. The main microscopic observation was central nervous system vasculocentric inflammation (mainly lymphocytes and macrophages) in the white and gray matter of various regions of the brain at ≥2 mg/kg/day and at lower incidence in the spinal cord at ≥10 mg/kg/day. Vasculocentric microscopic changes predominantly centered on the centrilobular vein were also observed in the liver at ≥2 mg/kg/day. Females were more sensitive than males with comparable NP plasma exposure. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the administration of NP to dogs via daily oral gavage for up to 2 weeks was not tolerated causing moribundity, marked neurological clinical signs, and vasculocentric microscopic changes in the central nervous system and the liver.

scholarly journals A proposal for a tailored protocol for focal suppurative infection of the central nervous system: analysis of an institutional experience in pediatric patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas Udayakumaran ◽  
Ticini Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Central Nervous System

OBJECTIVEThe incidence of focal suppurative infections (FSIs) of the brain has significantly decreased owing to the better health and fundamental conditions of the population on the one hand and earlier detection and the availability of more potent antibiotics on the other. Interestingly, the antibiotic protocols have not been well defined in terms of duration despite a prompter diagnosis, definitive management of the etiology, and the advent of various higher-generation antibiotics. In this study, the authors evaluated the current treatment protocol. Their aim was to optimize management protocols for FSIs of the central nervous system based on clinical parameters.METHODSThe study was a retrospective analysis of all children who had undergone surgical management for an FSI at the Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, in the period from January 2001 to February 2018. In addition to demographic characteristics, the details of culture reports and antibiotic regimens were collected. The response to treatment was compared to changes in the infective profile (C-reactive protein) and imaging. Instances of reaspiration were compared with clinical signs, imaging findings, and infective profiles. Treatment response was separated into two groups: responders within or at 2 weeks and responders beyond 2 weeks. The clinical characteristics of these two groups were compared.RESULTSForty-eight children were treated in the study period. Nineteen patients benefited from the 2-week (short-term) protocol of intravenous antibiotics. Twenty-nine patients required more than 2 weeks (approximately 4 weeks; long-term protocol) for resolution. Of those requiring more than 2 weeks, 69% had cardiogenic etiology. All patients were followed up with a minimum of 3 weeks of oral antibiotics. In a comparative analysis between short-term and long-term responders, only etiology was significantly different. None of the patients who had the short-term protocol had a recurrence.CONCLUSIONSA shorter antibiotic protocol can be used successfully in carefully selected patients who are surgically treated and followed up. It is clear that the 2-week intravenous antibiotic protocol is more suitable for immunocompetent patients who have a noncardiogenic etiology.

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