scholarly journals Decrease of psychomotor performance in subjects with latent ‘asymptomatic’ toxoplasmosis

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HAVLÍČEK ◽  
Z. GAšOVÁ ◽  
A. P. SMITH ◽  
K. ZVÁRA ◽  
J. FLEGR
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Induced Changes

Toxoplasma gondiiis known to induce specific behavioural changes in its intermediate hosts. This is usually considered to be an evolutionary adaptation aimed to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite into its definitive host, the cat, by predation. In rodents an increase of reaction time as well as many other specific behavioural patterns have been observed. Here we report the results of our double blind study showing the significantly longer reaction times of 60 subjects with latent toxoplasmosis in comparison with those of 56 controls. Moreover, the existence of a positive correlation between length of infection and mean reaction time suggested that slow and cumulative effects of latent toxoplasmosis rather than a one-step (and possibly transient) effect of acute toxoplasmosis disease are responsible for the decrease of psychomotor performance of infected subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the existence of such parasite-induced changes in human behaviour that could be considered in evolutionary history of the human species as adaptive from the point of view of parasite transmission.

Effect of Diazepam on Visuomotor Reaction Time

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Barbee ◽  
Iryna Lawriw Black
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nondominant Hand ◽  
The Difference

20 male and 10 female adult, normal, healthy subjects, whose mean age was 26.34 yr., participated in a double-blind study of the effect of a single dose (0.2 mg./kg. of body weight) of diazepam on visuomotor reaction time. Reaction time was measured before drug administration, and 60 min., and 120 min. after administration. Separate reaction times for the dominant and nondominant hand were recorded. There were no significant differences between the diazepam and placebo group at each of the three time intervals. Diazepam in the single dose employed does not appear to affect adversely visuomotor reaction time of relatively young, normal, healthy adults. For both groups the difference in visuomotor reaction time between the dominant hand and the nondominant hand was statistically significant as expected.

Efficacy of galcanezumab in patients with episodic cluster headaches and a history of preventive treatment failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 251581632110156
Author(s):  
Brian Plato ◽  
J Scott Andrews ◽  
Mallikarjuna Rettiganti ◽  
Antje Tockhorn-Heidenreich ◽  
Jennifer Bardos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cluster Headache Attack ◽  
Episodic Cluster Headache ◽  
History Of

Objective: The efficacy of galcanezumab was evaluated in patients with episodic cluster headache and history of preventive treatment failure. Methods: In the randomized, 8-week, double-blind study (CGAL), patients with episodic cluster headache received once-monthly subcutaneous injections of galcanezumab 300 mg or placebo. Patients who completed CGAL and enrolled in an open-label study were queried for preventive treatment history. In a subset of patients with a known history of failure of verapamil or any other prior preventive treatment, a post hoc analysis of least square mean change from baseline in weekly cluster headache attack frequency across Weeks 1 to 3 was assessed. Results: Fifteen patients provided data for known history of prior preventive treatment failure (6 placebo, 9 galcanezumab), of whom 11 failed verapamil. The mean reduction in the weekly frequency of cluster headache attacks was greater with galcanezumab compared to placebo among patients with prior preventive treatment failure (8.2 versus 2.4); mean difference 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 13.6) and among patients with verapamil failure (10.1 versus 1.6); mean difference 8.5 (95% CI 0.4, 16.7). Conclusion: In this exploratory analysis of patients with a known history of prior preventive treatment failures, treatment with galcanezumab resulted in greater mean reductions in weekly cluster headache attacks compared with placebo. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02397473 (I5Q-MC-CGAL) NCT02797951 (I5Q-MC-CGAR)

Effect of cholecystokinin-A receptor blockade on lipid-induced gastric relaxation in humans

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. G118-G123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Mesquita ◽  
D. G. Thompson ◽  
L. E. Troncon ◽  
M. D'Amato ◽  
L. C. Rovati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Threshold Control ◽  
Gastric Pressure ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Perception Score

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in regulating fat-induced changes in human gastric relaxation. Proximal gastric pressure-volume relationships were determined in 12 healthy volunteers during a series of gastric distensions, both fasting and after intragastric instillation of 250 ml of 10% Intralipid. All subjects were studied twice, in a randomized, double-blind study, during intravenous infusion of either loxiglumide (CCK-A antagonist) or saline. For each distension, intragastric pressure and compliance were determined together with perception intensity. During saline infusion, Intralipid reduced intragastric pressure (prelipid, 11.7 +/- 0.8; postlipid, 9.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg; P = 0.002) and increased compliance (pressure-volume slope values: prelipid, 87.6 +/- 9.7; postlipid, 47.2 +/- 7; P < 0.01). Loxiglumide infusion during fasting exerted no effect on either intragastric pressure or compliance. After lipid, however, loxiglumide abolished the expected postlipid reduction in intragastric pressure (prelipid, 12.1 +/- 0.7; postlipid, 11.5 +/- 0.8 mmHg; P = 0.4) but did not consistently abolish the postlipid increase in compliance. Loxiglumide exerted no effect on the cumulative perception score or on the volume at perception threshold, although it prevented the fat-induced reduction in pressure at perception threshold [control: prelipid, 15.4 +/- 1.1; postlipid, 10.7 +/- 0.5 (P < 0.05); loxiglumide: prelipid, 13.8 +/- 1.5; postlipid, 12.2 +/- 0.9 (P > 0.05)]. Endogenous CCK or CCK-A receptors therefore play a role in the fat-induced reduction of intragastric pressure and might also modulate gastric perception after lipid.

Oxybutynin Efficacy in the Treatment of Primary Enuresis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
John S. Lovering ◽  
Susan E. Tallett ◽  
James B. J. McKendry
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Nocturnal Enuresis ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinic Population ◽  
Or History

The effectiveness of oxybutynin in the treatment of primary enuresis was evaluated in a double-blind study. A total of 30 children (25 boys, five girls), at least 6 years of age, with primary enuresis and no daytime incontinence or history of other urinary tract problems were selected at random from an enuresis clinic population. The study was explained to the families and they were told how to keep records of nocturnal bed-wetting episodes and side effects. The patients were treated with a 10 mg of oxybutynin at suppertime for 28 days. Before or after the treatment period, all children received an identical placebo for 4 weeks. Two-sided paired t tests were used to compare frequency of nocturnal enuresis. Frequency during the drug regimen did not differ significantly from that during the placebo study. There were no differences in findings between boys and girls or between children who had previously taken imipramine and those who had not. The study showed no evidence that oxybutynin is effective in treating primary enuresis.

Psychophysiologic Changes accompanying Oral Contraceptive Use

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (531) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Marcotte ◽  
Francis J. Kane ◽  
Paul Obrist ◽  
Morris A. Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Premenstrual Tension ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
History Of

There have been many studies (3,15,4) on the effects of oral contraceptive hormonal agents, though relatively few have concerned themselves with the possible adverse emotional reactions accompanying their use. To date, seven women (8, 6, 5, 13) have had psychotic episodes in temporal association with drug use, one patient having reported two such episodes. Four of these seven women had a history of severe postpartum disturbance in the past, and two others had previous psychiatric illness. There have been reports of varying incidence of depression, anxiety, increased or decreased sexual desire and relief of premenstrual tension. We wish to present data from a pilot double blind study of one combination oral contraceptive.

Study of Neuromotor Reaction Times under the Influence of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Repperger ◽  
Tom Jennings ◽  
James Jacobson ◽  
Norman Michel ◽  
Chuck Goodyear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Decision Choice

Neuromotor reaction times (simple, choice, and decision) were measured when Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously to nine healthy men in a double-blind study. Measurements were made of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and decision time for each subject at various intervals over a 54-hr. period. Given the observed inherent interaction of the drug with the long time used (54 hr.), most analyses were conducted across separate time epochs. Injected subjects showed inhibition in the normal improvement of simple reaction time (which occurs with practice), and they reduced the time required to make a decision. Choice reaction time, however, remained unchanged across the drug-nondrug experimental conditions.

Fatal Cardiac Event following Initiation of Risperidone Therapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 867-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna S. Ravin ◽  
James W. Levenson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Pulseless Electrical Activity ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Case Summary ◽  
Adverse Cardiac Events ◽  
History Of

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient who developed fatal pulseless electrical activity following treatment with risperidone. CASE SUMMARY: A 34-year-old white woman with no history of cardiac disease was initiated on risperidone therapy for an acute exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia. The patient developed postural hypotension and the risperidone dosage was held at 2 mg bid. On day 5 of risperidone therapy, the patient developed cardiac arrest and was treated for pulseless electrical activity. Her electrocardiogram revealed a prolonged QRS interval of 160 msec and an abnormal QTc interval of 480 msec. Despite resuscitative efforts, the patient became asystolic and was pronounced dead. DISCUSSION: Adverse cardiac events are rarely associated with risperidone therapy. Prolongation of the QRS and QTc intervals have been reported to occur following two cases of presumed risperidone overdose and also in 8 of 380 patients in a double-blind study reported by the manufacturer. Although other possibilities exist, risperidone cannot be ruled out as the cause of this patient's fatal episode of pulseless electrical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Prolongation of the QTc interval with severe adverse effects remains a possibility with the use of risperidone.

Reaction Times and Derived Information Processing Measures: Limitations of Their Practical Use in Vehicle Operator Screening

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-123
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen ◽  
Michael L. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Rate Difference ◽  
Screening Measure ◽  
Time Averages ◽  
The Difference

The use of information processing rate (difference between the amount of uncertainty in a choice and simple reaction time situation, in bits, divided by the difference of the corresponding reaction time averages, in seconds) as a driver screening measure from a relevance point of view has been suggested by Fergenson (1971).

scholarly journals Oxytocin amplifies sex differences in human mate choice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Ruixue Luo ◽  
Xiaoxiao Zheng ◽  
Weihua Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
History Of

AbstractInfidelity is the major cause of breakups and individuals with a history of infidelity are more likely to repeat it, but may also present a greater opportunity for short-term sexual relationships. Here in a pre-registered, double-blind study involving 160 subjects we report that while both sexes valued faithful individuals most for long-term relationships, both single men and those in a relationship were more interested in having short-term relationships with previously unfaithful individuals than women. Oxytocin administration resulted in men rating the faces of unfaithful women as more attractive but in women rating those of unfaithful men as less attractive and also finding them less memorable. Oxytocin also increased men’s interest in having short-term relationships with previously unfaithful women whereas it increased women’s interest in having long-term relationships with faithful men. Thus, oxytocin release during courtship may first act to amplify sex-dependent priorities in attraction and mate choice before subsequently promoting romantic bonds.

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