Effect of Diazepam on Visuomotor Reaction Time

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Barbee ◽  
Iryna Lawriw Black
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nondominant Hand ◽  
The Difference

20 male and 10 female adult, normal, healthy subjects, whose mean age was 26.34 yr., participated in a double-blind study of the effect of a single dose (0.2 mg./kg. of body weight) of diazepam on visuomotor reaction time. Reaction time was measured before drug administration, and 60 min., and 120 min. after administration. Separate reaction times for the dominant and nondominant hand were recorded. There were no significant differences between the diazepam and placebo group at each of the three time intervals. Diazepam in the single dose employed does not appear to affect adversely visuomotor reaction time of relatively young, normal, healthy adults. For both groups the difference in visuomotor reaction time between the dominant hand and the nondominant hand was statistically significant as expected.

scholarly journals Decrease of psychomotor performance in subjects with latent ‘asymptomatic’ toxoplasmosis

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HAVLÍČEK ◽  
Z. GAšOVÁ ◽  
A. P. SMITH ◽  
K. ZVÁRA ◽  
J. FLEGR
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Induced Changes

Toxoplasma gondiiis known to induce specific behavioural changes in its intermediate hosts. This is usually considered to be an evolutionary adaptation aimed to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite into its definitive host, the cat, by predation. In rodents an increase of reaction time as well as many other specific behavioural patterns have been observed. Here we report the results of our double blind study showing the significantly longer reaction times of 60 subjects with latent toxoplasmosis in comparison with those of 56 controls. Moreover, the existence of a positive correlation between length of infection and mean reaction time suggested that slow and cumulative effects of latent toxoplasmosis rather than a one-step (and possibly transient) effect of acute toxoplasmosis disease are responsible for the decrease of psychomotor performance of infected subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the existence of such parasite-induced changes in human behaviour that could be considered in evolutionary history of the human species as adaptive from the point of view of parasite transmission.

scholarly journals A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing Tedizolid Phosphate and Linezolid for Treatment of Ventilated Gram-Positive Hospital-Acquired or Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G Wunderink ◽  
Antoine Roquilly ◽  
Martin Croce ◽  
Daniel Rodriguez Gonzalez ◽  
Satoshi Fujimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Response ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Noninferiority Margin

Abstract Background Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (HABP) and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) are associated with high mortality rates. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of tedizolid (administered as tedizolid phosphate) for treatment of gram-positive ventilated HABP/VABP. Methods In this randomized, noninferiority, double-blind, double-dummy, global phase 3 trial, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive intravenous tedizolid phosphate 200 mg once daily for 7 days or intravenous linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours for 10 days. Treatment was 14 days in patients with concurrent gram-positive bacteremia. The primary efficacy end points were day 28 all-cause mortality (ACM; noninferiority margin, 10%) and investigator-assessed clinical response at test of cure (TOC; noninferiority margin, 12.5%) in the intention-to-treat population. Results Overall, 726 patients were randomized (tedizolid, n = 366; linezolid, n = 360). Baseline characteristics, including incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (31.3% overall), were well balanced. Tedizolid was noninferior to linezolid for day 28 ACM rate: 28.1% and 26.4%, respectively (difference, –1.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: –8.2 to 4.7). Noninferiority of tedizolid was not demonstrated for investigator-assessed clinical cure at TOC (tedizolid, 56.3% vs linezolid, 63.9%; difference, –7.6%; 97.5% CI: –15.7 to 0.5). In post hoc analyses, no single factor accounted for the difference in clinical response between treatment groups. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 8.1% and 11.9% of patients who received tedizolid and linezolid, respectively. Conclusions Tedizolid was noninferior to linezolid for day 28 ACM in the treatment of gram-positive ventilated HABP/VABP. Noninferiority of tedizolid for investigator-assessed clinical response at TOC was not demonstrated. Both drugs were well tolerated. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02019420.

Pharmacological Modulation of Cutaneous Reactivity to Histamine: A Double-Blind Acute Comparative Study between Cetirizine, Terfenadine and Astemizole

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ghys ◽  
J.-P. Rihoux
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Single Administration ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cutaneous Reactivity

In a double-blind study performed in 81 healthy volunteers, 10 mg cetirizine and 60 mg terfenadine given orally in a single administration significantly inhibited skin reactivity to histamine. Astemizole (10 mg) was completely ineffective. The inhibitory effect of cetirizine was potent and regular whereas 6/28 (21%) volunteers did not respond to terfenadine. The difference observed beween cetirizine and terfenadine might be due to differences in the metabolism of the two drugs after administration: terfenadine is rapidly and extensively metabolized whereas cetirizine is directly active without the need for biotransformation and, indeed is poorly metabolized.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Recovery Curve for Clinically Assessed Reaction Time After Concussion

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 766-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Del Rossi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Clinical Measures

Context:  A change in reaction time is one of various clinical measures of neurocognitive function that can be monitored after concussion and has been reported to be among the most sensitive indicators of cognitive impairment. Objective:  To determine the timeline for clinically assessed simple reaction time to return to baseline after a concussion in high school athletes. Design:  Observational study. Setting:  Athletic training room. Patients or Other Participants:  Twenty-one high school-aged volunteers. Intervention(s):  Participants completed 8 trials of the ruler-drop test during each session. Along with baseline measures, a total of 6 additional test sessions were completed over the course of 4 weeks after a concussion (days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28). Main Outcome Measure(s):  The mean reaction times calculated for all participants from each of the 7 test sessions were analyzed to assess the change in reaction time over the 7 time intervals. Results:  After a concussion and compared with baseline, simple reaction time was, on average, 26 milliseconds slower at 48 to 72 hours postinjury (P < .001), almost 18 milliseconds slower on day 7 (P < .001), and about 9 milliseconds slower on day 10 (P < .001). Simple reaction time did not return to baseline levels until day 14 postinjury. Conclusions:  Clinically assessed simple reaction time appeared to return to baseline levels within a timeframe that mirrors other measures of cognitive performance (approximately 14 days).

Single dose oral ranitidine improves MRCP image quality: a double-blind study

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Bowes ◽  
D.F. Martin ◽  
A. Melling ◽  
D. Roberts ◽  
H.-U. Laasch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dose Oral

Determination Of Reaction Time Changes Per Time Unit In Clot Assays

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lj Popović
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Total Reaction Time

Changes in reaction time of clot assays are usually expressed only in time units, which fails to indicate the extent of the increase or decrease of the reaction time of the tested specimens against that of the basic sample. Reaction time increases of, e.g. , 6 seconds in tested samples, compared to basic sample reaction times of 12 and 24 seconds respectively, signify an increase twice as large in the first as in the second instance.Changes in reaction time of clot assays can be expressed as the increment or decrement of the reaction time per time unit. This amount of increase or decrease (positive or negative alteration of reaction time, T a ) can be expressed as the quotient of the difference between the reaction times of the tested (T x ) and basic (To) samples and of the basic sample, e.g. in seconds per second, T a =T x -To/To. A test sample reaction time 6 seconds longer than basic sample reaction times of 12 and 2k seconds would mean an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 seconds per second, respectively.Reaction time changes of tested samples against that of the standard sample (T std ) can be calculated in a similar way, T a =T x -T std /T std .It can be assumed that this parameter reflects the intensity of the increase or decrease of reaction time per time unit. The quotient of the tested and basic samples can be considered as the coefficient of the increase or decrease of the total reaction time (CT=T x /To).

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of Myolaxin and EM LA cream for attenuation of venous cannulation pain: A prospective, randomised, double blind study

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 726-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Agarwal ◽  
G. Yadav ◽  
D. Gupta ◽  
M. Tandon ◽  
S. Dhiraaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Venous Cannulation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Group I ◽  
Cannulation Site

We evaluated the efficacy of topical Myolaxin (capsaican ointment, Geno, Mumbai) ointment over EMLA (eutectic mixture of lignocaine, prilocaine; Neon, Goa) cream for attenuating venous cannulation pain in this prospective, randomised, double blind study. Sixty adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned into two equal groups. Group I (EMLA) received EMLA cream, whereas Group II (Myolaxin) received Myolaxin ointment. For both groups the cream was applied at the venous cannulation site (dorsum of the non-dominant hand) one hour prior to venous cannulation and was covered with an occlusive dressing. Following venous cannulation patients were asked if they felt pain during venous cannulation. If the answer was yes, they were asked to rate the severity of venous cannulation pain using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of O-10. The incidence of venous cannulation pain was similar between groups: in the EMLA group 65% (18/28) compared to 67% (20/30) in the Myolaxin group (P=0.19). The severity of pain (median VAS with inter quartile range) was also similar between the groups: in the EMLA group 1.5 (3) compared to 1.5 (2) in the Myolaxin group (P=0.46). As the topical application of Myolaxin ointment is cheaper than EMLA and has similar efficacy, it may be a suitable alternative for reducing the incidence and severity of venous cannulation pain.

scholarly journals Comparison of Ondansetron with Gabapentin for prevention of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Rohini Sigdel ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Roshana Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Intrathecal Morphine ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Subarachnoid Block ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
To Receive

Background: Ondansetron has been used successfully for prophylaxis and treatment of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus. Gabapentin has anxiolytic, antiemetic, antipruritic effects and has also been shown to potentiate the analgesic effect of intrathecally or epidurally administered opioids. Materials and method: We compared the effectiveness of oral gabapentin with intravenous ondansetron to prevent incidence of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus. In a prospective, double-blind study, sixty patients aged 18-65 years with ASA physical status I and II undergoing surgery under subarachnoid block were randomized to receive placebo tablets (ondansetron group) or gabapentin 1200 mg (gabapentin group) 2 hours before surgery. Patients receiving placebo tablets received 8 mg of intravenous ondansetron and those receiving gabapentin received 4 ml of intravenous normal saline just prior to subarachnoid block with 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.2 mg morphine. The incidence, onset, severity, location of pruritus and incidence of side effects were studied for next 24 hours. Results: The overall incidence of pruritus was 48.3%. The incidence, severity, location of pruritus was comparable between the two groups. There was significant difference between the onset of pruritus between groups (p=0.009). The incidence and grade of nausea vomiting, requirement of intraoperative sedation was comparable between groups. The incidence of urinary retention was significantly high in gabapentin group (p=0.020). Respiratory depression was observed in one patient. Conclusion: A single dose of 1200 mg oral gabapentin 2 hours before, is as effective as prophylactic intravenous ondansetron 8 mg for prevention of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus.

Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab (BEV) plus capecitabine and cisplatin (XP) in Chinese patients (pts) with locally advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer (AGC): Results from the AVATAR study.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 73-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Shen ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Jian-Ming Xu ◽  
Hong-Ming Pan ◽  
Guanghai Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Junction ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grade 3

73 Background: In the AVAGAST study, chemotherapy (fluoropyrimidine and cisplatin) + BEV did not significantly improve overall survival (OS) vs. chemotherapy + placebo. Geographic differences in efficacy were observed, but only 12 Chinese pts were included. AVATAR, a study similar in design to AVAGAST, is a randomized double-blind study conducted exclusively in China in pts with AGC. Methods: Pts aged >18 years with gastric adenocarcinoma were randomized 1:1 to XP + BEV 7.5 mg/kg or placebo + XP. The primary objective was OS; secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. Results: Baseline characteristics of the 202 pts were well balanced. The primary efficacy endpoint of improved OS in the BEV arm was not met (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.79–1.56; p=0.5567; see table ). BEV + XP was well tolerated. Grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were 60% and 19% for BEV and 68% vs. 21% for placebo, respectively. Grade 3–5 AEs of special interest with BEV occurred in 8% of BEV pts and 15% of placebo pts; the difference was mainly due to grade 3–5 haemorrhage (BEV 4%, placebo 12%). Conclusions: Addition of BEV to XP in Chinese pts with AGC did not significantly improve outcomes in AVATAR. The results from AVATAR are consistent with the findings seen in the Asian sub-population of the previous AVAGAST study. [Table: see text]

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