Host specificity is linked to intraspecific variability in the genus Lamellodiscus (Monogenea)

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KACI-CHAOUCH ◽  
O. VERNEAU ◽  
Y. DESDEVISES
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
New Host ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Generalist Species

SUMMARYWe investigated whether host specificity is linked to variability within species of Lamellodiscus monogeneans, which are gill ectoparasites of the Sparidae. We sampled fish parasites in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea: 4 specialist species, using 1 single host species, and 3 generalist species, using 2 distinct host species. Intraspecific variability was assessed from 2 different datasets. Morphometric variability of the attachment organ, called the haptor, was estimated first from measurements of several sclerified haptoral parts on 102 individuals. Genetic variability was calculated based on comparisons of sequences derived from the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 62 individuals. Morphometric variances in the specialist versus generalist species were compared via principal component analysis and F-tests, and uncorrected genetic distances (p-distances) were estimated within each species. We showed that the inter-individual variance of morphometric characters, as well as p-distances, are clearly greater within generalist species than specialist ones. These findings suggest that a relative increase in morphological and molecular variability enhances the possibility to colonize new host species in monogeneans, and supports the hypothesis that intraspecific variability could be a potential determinant of host specificity.

First description of monogenean parasites in Lake Tanganyika: the cichlid Simochromis diagramma (Teleostei, Cichlidae) harbours a high diversity of Gyrodactylus species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea)

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAARTEN P. M. VANHOVE ◽  
JOS SNOEKS ◽  
FILIP A. M. VOLCKAERT ◽  
TINE HUYSE
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Single Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

SUMMARYLake Tanganyika harbours the most diverse endemic cichlid fish assemblage of Africa, but its monogenean fish parasites have not been investigated. Here we report, for the first time, on the Gyrodactylus parasites in this hotspot of fish biodiversity. Haptor morphometrics and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences revealed 3 new species on Zambian Simochromis diagramma: Gyrodactylus sturmbaueri n. sp., G. thysi n. sp. and G. zimbae n. sp. Their distinct morphology and strong genetic differentiation suggest that they belong to distant lineages within the genus Gyrodactylus, and phylogenetic reconstructions suggest affinities with other genera of gyrodactylids. Additional U-shaped haptoral plates in G. thysi n. sp. and a second large spine-like structure in the male copulatory organ of G. zimbae seem to represent new features for the genus. Such large diversity on a single host species can probably be explained by host-switching events during the course of evolution, in agreement with the generally accepted concept that ecological transfer is an important aspect of gyrodactylid speciation. Additional parasitological surveys on other host species, covering a broader phylogenetic and geographical range, should clarify the evolutionary history of Gyrodactylidae on cichlids in the African Great Lake and other parts of Africa.

Metazoan parasites of Northwest Atlantic redfishes (Sebastes spp.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Bourgeois ◽  
I.-H. Ni
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
New Host ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
New Host Records

A total of 443 specimens of three redfish species (209 Sebastes fasciatus, 123 S. marinus, and 111 S. mentella), obtained from Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) divisions 2H, 2J (Labrador area), 3K (Northeastern Newfoundland), 3L, 3O (Grand Banks) 3M (Flemish Cap), and 3Ps (St. Pierre Bank) during 1980–1982, was examined for metazoan parasites; 182 (87.1%) S. fasciatus, 120 (97.6%) S. marinus, and 103 (92.8%) S. mentella were infected. Seventeen species of parasites were recovered (12 from S. fasciatus, 16 from S. marinus, and 11 from S. mentella). 22 of which were new host records. Quantitative data, including prevalence and intensity of infection, are given for each parasite by host species and NAFO division. The zeogeography and host specificity of the parasites encountered in this study are discussed in relation to redfish and hypothetical stocks of Sebastes spp. are proposed based on the parasite data collected.

Photosynthetic and yield traits identified through multivariate analysis in mungbean exhibiting tolerance to the combined stresses of low phosphorus and drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Pandey ◽  
Surendra Kumar Meena ◽  
Gayacharan . ◽  
Madan Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Combined Stresses ◽  
P Content ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Stress ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Component Traits

Experiments were conducted to study the genotypic variability for tolerance to combined stresses of low availability of phosphorus (P) and drought in 14 mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] accessions. The accessions were evaluated under four conditions viz., control (sufficient P, irrigated), low P (without P, irrigated), drought (sufficient P, withholding irrigation) and combined stresses (low P, withholding irrigation). The relative stress tolerance was estimated for 22 agro-physiological traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) and relative stress indices (RSIs) of traits exhibited significant variation among the treatments and accessions. Based on RSIs, the PCA ranking analysis showed that the accessions IC 280489, PDM 139 and IC 76491 were highly ranked and tolerant to low P, drought and combined stresses. The relative increase in component traits such as photosynthetic parameters, relative water content, above-ground biomass, seed P content and number of pods plant–1 were higher while canopy temperature and water use efficiency were reduced in tolerant accessions. In contrast, IPM 2-3 was found to be relatively sensitive to all three treatments. Tolerant accessions may be either included in the breeding program or used directly as cultivar that can be grown under low P and drought.

scholarly journals Co-extinct and critically co-endangered species of parasitic lice, and conservation-induced extinction: should lice be reintroduced to their hosts?

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lajos Rózsa ◽  
Zoltán Vas
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Global Extinction

AbstractThe co-extinction of parasitic taxa and their host species is considered a common phenomenon in the current global extinction crisis. However, information about the conservation status of parasitic taxa is scarce. We present a global list of co-extinct and critically co-endangered parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), based on published data on their host-specificity and their hosts’ conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. We list six co-extinct and 40 (possibly 41) critically co-endangered species. Additionally, we recognize 2–4 species that went extinct as a result of conservation efforts to save their hosts. Conservationists should consider preserving host-specific lice as part of their efforts to save species.

Regressive evolution of an effector following a host jump in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Zess ◽  
Yasin F. Dagdas ◽  
Esme Peers ◽  
Abbas Maqbool ◽  
Mark J. Banfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Sequence Motif ◽  
New Host ◽  
Regressive Evolution ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Host Jump ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Irish Potato Famine ◽  
New Host Species

AbstractIn order to infect a new host species, the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission in the novel environment. Although we often think of evolution as a process of accumulation, it is also a process of loss. Here, we document an example of regressive evolution in the Irish potato famine pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) lineage, providing evidence that a key sequence motif in the effector PexRD54 has degenerated following a host jump. We began by looking at PexRD54 and PexRD54-like sequences from across Phytophthora species. We found that PexRD54 emerged in the common ancestor of Phytophthora clade 1b and 1c species, and further sequence analysis showed that a key functional motif, the C-terminal ATG8-interacting motif (AIM), was also acquired at this point in the lineage. A closer analysis showed that the P. mirabilis PexRD54 (PmPexRD54) AIM appeared unusual, the otherwise-conserved central residue mutated from a glutamate to a lysine. We aimed to determine whether this PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism represented an adaptation to the Mirabilis jalapa host environment. We began by characterizing the M. jalapa ATG8 family, finding that they have a unique evolutionary history compared to previously characterized ATG8s. Then, using co-immunoprecipitation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we showed that both full-length PmPexRD54 and the PmPexRD54 AIM peptide bind very weakly to the M. jalapa ATG8s. Through a combination of binding assays and structural modelling, we showed that the identity of the residue at the position of the PmPexRD54 AIM polymorphism can underpin high-affinity binding to plant ATG8s. Finally, we conclude that the functionality of the PexRD54 AIM was lost in the P. mirabilis lineage, perhaps owing to as-yet-unknown pressure on this effector in the new host environment.Author SummaryPathogens evolve in concert with their hosts. When a pathogen begins to infect a new host species, known as a “host jump,” the pathogen must evolve to enhance infection and transmission. These evolutionary processes can involve both the gain and loss of genes, as well as dynamic changes in protein function. Here, we describe an example of a pathogen protein that lost a key functional domain following a host jump, a salient example of “regressive evolution.” Specifically, we show that an effector protein from the plant pathogen Phytopthora mirabilis, a host-specific lineage closely related to the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytopthora infestans, has a derived amino acid polymorphism that results in a loss of interaction with certain host machinery.

scholarly journals The AntCardiocondyla elegansas Host of the Enigmatic Endoparasitic FungusMyrmicinosporidium durum

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Julia Giehr ◽  
Jürgen Heinze ◽  
Alexandra Schrempf
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
New Host ◽  
High Infection ◽  
New Host Species

Data on host species and the distribution of the endoparasitic fungusMyrmicinosporidium durumincreased continuously in recent decades. Here, we add the antCardiocondyla elegansas new host species. Colonies of the monogynous species were found infested in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon (South France). Samples from the nest indicate high infection rates. All castes and sexes were infected by the spores. Variations of infection rates between sampling methods and species are discussed.

scholarly journals Endoparasites of wild animals from three biomes in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G.S. Ramos ◽  
A.R.G.L.O. Santos ◽  
L.C. Freitas ◽  
S.H.R. Correa ◽  
G.V. Kempe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
New Host ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Parasitological Examination ◽  
Biotic Potential ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT The population of wild animals is regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, and parasites are a biotic factor that affects the dynamic and density of host populations. From 2002 to 2014, 62 wild animals from the biomes Pantanal, Amazon, and "Cerrado" (or Savanna), which died in attendance in the veterinary hospital or have been road-killed, underwent necropsy for parasitological examination. Overall, 36 species of parasites were identified from 24 host species. Among the parasites, the most prevalent order was Oxyurida (29.1%), followed by Strongylida (20.9%), Spirurida (19.4%), Ascaridida (16.2%), Pentastomida (3.2%), Echinostomida (3.2%), Gygantorhynchia (3.2%), Rhabditida (1.6%), Plagiorchiida (1.6%), and Monilimorfida (1.6%), especially nematodes, which have more biotic potential and is more easily adapted to the environment than other classes. The occurrence of endoparasites was observed more frequently in endothermic than ectothermic animals, and herein is reported eleven new host occurrences for endoparasites in wild animals. The study has contributed to the knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites in wild animals from three biomes in central-western Brazil.

scholarly journals Skull morphometric characters in parrots (Psittaciformes)

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Tibor Pecsics ◽  
Miklós Laczi ◽  
Gergely Nagy ◽  
Tamás Kondor ◽  
Tibor Csörgő
Keyword(s):  
Ventral View ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Relative Width ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Lacrimal Bone ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Avian Group

AbstractParrots (Psittaciformes) are a unique and diverse avian group and vary tremendously in size, shape, and colour. Mainly distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, most species of parrots are largely or exclusively arboreal with several exceptions. The species also differ in diet and habitat, which led to different musculoskeletal adaptations of the skull. However, parrots have conspicuous generalized external features; in this recent study, we tried to increase our knowledge of the cranial shape and foraging habits. A geometric morphometric approach was used to analyse two-dimensional cranial landmarks. We used principal component (PC) analyses on measurements that may be related to diet. The PCs described the relative height of the cranium, the relative length and curvature of the beak, differences in the orientation and curvature of the lacrimal bone and the upper margin of orbits, variation in the size and position of the palatine bone and the relative width of the cranium, and variation in the relative size of the neurocranium compared to the viscerocranium. The dietary categories overlap in the morphospace but the analysis in lateral and ventral view resulted in significant differences.

scholarly journals Rapid divergence in independent aspects of the compatibility phenotype in the Spiroplasma/Drosophila interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne S. Griffin ◽  
Michael Gerth ◽  
Gregory D. D. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Host Species ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
New Host ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Rapid Divergence

AbstractHeritable symbionts represent important components of host biology, both as antagonistic reproductive parasites and as beneficial protective partners. An important component of heritable microbes’ biology is their ability to establish in new host species, a process equivalent to a host shift for an infectiously transmitted parasite or pathogen. For a host shift to occur, the symbiont must be compatible with the host: it must not cause excess pathology, must have good vertical transmission, and possess a drive phenotype that enables spread. Classically, compatibility has been considered a declining function of genetic distance between novel and ancestral host species. Here we investigate the evolutionary lability of compatibility to heritable microbes by comparing the capacity for a symbiont to establish in two novel host species equally related to the ancestral host. Compatibility of the protective Spiroplasma from D. hydei with D. simulans and D. melanogaster was tested. The Spiroplasma had contrasting compatibility in these two host species. The transinfection showed pathology and low vertical transmission in D. melanogaster but was asymptomatic and transmitted with high efficiency in D. simulans. These results were not affected by the presence/absence of Wolbachia in either of the two species. The pattern of protection was not congruent with that for pathology/transmission, with protection being weaker in the D. simulans, the host in which Spiroplasma was asymptomatic and transmitted well. Further work indicated pathological interactions occurred in D. sechellia and D. yakuba, indicating that D. simulans was unusual in being able to carry the symbiont without damage. The differing compatibility of the symbiont with these closely related host species emphasises first the rapidity with which host-symbiont compatibility evolves despite compatibility itself not being subject to direct selection, and second the independence of the different components of compatibility (pathology, transmission, protection). This requirement to fit three different independently evolving aspects of compatibility, if commonly observed, is likely to be a major feature limiting the rate of host shifts. Moving forward, the variation between sibling species pairs observed above provides an opportunity to identify the mechanisms behind variable compatibility between closely related host species, which will drive hypotheses as to the evolutionary drivers of compatibility variation.

scholarly journals Polikromatik, dimorfisme seksual, dan redeskripsi spesies ikan red devil, Amphilophus amarillo [Stauffer & McKaye, 2002] di Waduk Sermo Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Sitty Ainsyah Habibie ◽  
Djumanto Djumanto ◽  
Murwantoko Murwantoko
Keyword(s):  
Control Region ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Morphometric Character ◽  
Fish Sample ◽  
Trophic Polymorphism ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fish Group

Red devil has been extensively researched due to extremely high morphometric and chromatophore variations, including the phenomena of polychromatic and trophic polymorphism. The purpose of this study was to identify and observe the phenomenon of sex dimorphism that occurs in polychromatic red devil species which caught in Sermo Reservoir. Fish sample as much as 240 individual was collected from fishermen catch during November 2016-September 2017 by using gill nets, cest nets, and fishing rods. Subsequently, the fish sample was grouped based on color and sex, the namely group of red devil red, red devil black, and red devil reddish black. The morphometric character data of 21 units were measured in each fish sample, whereas the DNA samples were taken from the gill tissue on each species of two individuals. The morphometric character data was analyzed for discriminant distance, while DNA was analyzed by BLAST (Basic Local Allignment Search Tools) from NCBI. The result of the principal component analysis and discriminant function showed the three group of fish can be distinguished by the characters around the head. The T-test of male and female morphometric characters in each fish group showed the phenomenon of sex dimorphism. Canonical and dendrogram diagrams consistently classify the three group of fish as the same species but are segregated by sex so that significantly dimorphism occurs. The mitochondrial sequencing results of the DNA control region show that among the red devil fish group found in the Sermo Reservoir is a species of A. amarillo.AbstrakRed devil telah banyak diteliti karena variasi morfometrik dan kromatofora yang sangat tinggi, termasuk di dalamnya fenomena polikromatisme dan trofik polimorfisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati polikromatik dan dimor-fisme seksual serta mengidentifikasi spesies red devil di perairan Waduk Sermo Yogyakarta. Contoh ikan sebanyak 240 ekor diambil dari hasil tangkapan nelayan selama bulan November 2016-September 2017 dengan menggunakan jaring insang, jala dan pancing. Selanjutnya contoh ikan dikelompokkan berdasarkan warna dan jenis kelamin, yaitu kelompok red devil merah, red devil hitam, dan red devil merah kehitaman. Data karakter morfometrik sebanyak 21 unit diukur pada setiap contoh ikan, sedangkan contoh DNA diambil dari jaringan insang pada masing-masing kelompok ikan seba-nyak dua ekor. Data karakter morfometrik dianalisis pembedanya, sedangkan DNA dianalisis dengan BLAST (Basic Local Allignment Search Tools) dari NCBI. Hasil analisis komponen utama dan fungsi diskriminan menunjukkan ketiga kelompok ikan dapat dibedakan berdasarkan karakter yang berada di sekitar kepala. Uji t terhadap karakter morfome-trik jantan dan betina pada masing-masing kelompok ikan menunjukkan fenomena dimorfisme seksual. Diagram kanonikal dan dendrogram konsisten mengelompokkan ketiga kelompok ikan tersebut sebagai spesies yang sama, namun terpisah berdasarkan jenis kelamin sehingga sangat nyata terjadi dimorfisme. Hasil sekuensing mitokondria DNA control region menunjukkan seluruh kelompok ikan red devil yang ditemukan di Waduk Sermo merupakan spesies Amphilophus amarillo.

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