Towards a mechanistic understanding of competence: a missing link in diversity–disease research

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara E. Stewart Merrill ◽  
Pieter T. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Community Ecology ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

AbstractBiodiversity loss may increase the risk of infectious disease in a phenomenon known as the dilution effect. Circumstances that increase the likelihood of disease dilution are: (i) when hosts vary in their competence, and (ii) when communities disassemble predictably, such that the least competent hosts are the most likely to go extinct. Despite the central role of competence in diversity–disease theory, we lack a clear understanding of the factors underlying competence, as well as the drivers and extent of its variation. Our perspective piece encourages a mechanistic understanding of competence and a deeper consideration of its role in diversity–disease relationships. We outline current evidence, emerging questions and future directions regarding the basis of competence, its definition and measurement, the roots of its variation and its role in the community ecology of infectious disease.

scholarly journals Why infectious disease research needs community ecology

Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 349 (6252) ◽  
pp. 1259504-1259504 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. J. Johnson ◽  
J. C. de Roode ◽  
A. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Community Ecology ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Infectious Disease Research

scholarly journals Immune Check-Point Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mosteiro M ◽  
◽  
Cejuela M ◽  
Pernas S ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Check Point ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Check Point Inhibitors

Check-point inhibitors have erupted as a treatment option for numerous kinds of neoplasms. Although there have been some achievements, the evidence supporting their use in breast cancer is scarce. Combinations with chemotherapy seem to provide better outcomes, and triple negative is the subtype most likely to benefit from them. New combination strategies are undergoing research to improve these results. Other approaches to determining biomarkers that identify which populations clearly benefit from these therapies are needed. Here, we review the clinical data of the role of immune check-point inhibitors in early and advanced breast cancer and present emerging strategies.

scholarly journals Riding the DUBway: regulation of protein trafficking by deubiquitylating enzymes

2006 ◽  
Vol 173 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Millard ◽  
Stephen A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Regulate Protein

Ubiquitylation is a key regulator of protein trafficking, and much about the functions of ubiquitin ligases, which add ubiquitin to substrates in this regulation, has recently come to light. However, a clear understanding of ubiquitin-dependent protein localization cannot be achieved without knowledge of the role of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs). DUBs, by definition, function downstream in ubiquitin pathways and, as such, have the potential to be the final editors of protein ubiquitylation status, thus determining substrate fate. This paper assimilates the current evidence concerning the substrates and activities of DUBs that regulate protein trafficking.

The role of macrolides in asthma: current evidence and future directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 657-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernie H C Wong ◽  
James D Porter ◽  
Michael R Edwards ◽  
Sebastian L Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Directions

The Role of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Current Evidence and Future Directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaCalus V. Hogan ◽  
Garth N. Walker ◽  
Liang Richard Cui ◽  
Freddie H. Fu ◽  
Johnny Huard
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Directions

scholarly journals Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Heart Failure Prevention in Type 2 Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan ◽  
Javed Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Diabetes and heart failure (HF) are closely linked, with one causing a worse prognosis in the other. The majority of anti-hyperglycaemic agents primarily reduce risk of ischaemic microvascular events without targeting the mechanisms involved for diabetes cardiomyopathy and HF. Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as a novel class of glucose-lowering agents that have consistently reduced HF hospitalisations, unlike other agents. The authors discuss the current evidence and highlight possible future directions for the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF prevention.

Operant Reinforcement and Development of Emotion Dysregulation

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Christina Gamache Martin ◽  
Maureen Zalewski ◽  
Grace Binion ◽  
Jacqueline O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Children's Emotion ◽  
Operant Reinforcement ◽  
Parental Responses

Caregivers play a foundational role in the development of children’s emotion dysregulation. Yet, because there are a multitude of ways in which parent behavior can intersect with children’s emotions, the development of emotion dysregulation is complex. This chapter specifically examines the role of operant reinforcement, where the way in which caregivers respond contingently to their children’s expression of emotion influences child emotion dysregulation. It reviews (1) the central theoretical models that explicate the process by which parental responses to children’s emotions reinforce emotion dysregulation, (2) current evidence supporting these theories, and (3) interventions designed to reduce emotion dysregulation through operant reinforcement processes. It emphasizes that, in addition to unidirectional effects, operant reinforcement from a parent interacts with traits inherent to the child, and parents and children mutually influence one another in ways that highlight the transactional, dynamic processes underlying the development of emotion dysregulation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

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