Christ's freedom: Anselm vs Molina

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-512
Author(s):  
KATHERIN A. ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Libertarian Freedom ◽  
General Criticism

AbstractBoth Molinism and Anselmianism attempt to preserve libertarian freedom for created agents as well as robust divine sovereignty. The two issues intersect in addressing the puzzle of Christ's freedom: If God is necessarily good, how can God Incarnate be free? Anselm answers: while human agents need options for our choices to be up to us, Christ inevitably chooses rightly with perfect freedom. I defend Anselm's answer against a general criticism and then argue that Anselm's position is preferable to the Molinist solution which has recently been championed by Thomas P. Flint.

Grace and Freedom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Divine Grace ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
The Will ◽  
Libertarian Freedom ◽  
The Church

Grace and Freedom addresses the issue of divine grace in relation to the freedom of the will in Reformed or “Calvinist” theology in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century with a focus on the work of the English Reformed theologian William Perkins, and his role as an apologist of the Church of England, defending its theology against Roman Catholic polemic, and specifically against the charge that Reformed theology denies human free choice. Perkins and his contemporaries affirmed that salvation occurs by grace alone and that God is the ultimate cause of all things, but they also insisted on the freedom of the human will and specifically the freedom of choice in a way that does not conform to modern notions of libertarian freedom or compatibilism. In developing this position, Perkins drew on the thought of various Reformers such as Peter Martyr Vermigli and Zacharias Ursinus, on the nuanced positions of medieval scholastics, and on several contemporary Roman Catholic representatives of the so-called second scholasticism. His work was a major contribution to early modern Reformed thought both in England and on the continent. His influence in England extended both to the Reformed heritage of the Church of England and to English Puritanism. On the Continent, his work contributed to the main lines of Reformed orthodoxy and to the piety of the Dutch Second Reformation.

Perception and Reality—Economic Inequality as a Driver of Populism?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hüther ◽  
Matthias Diermeier
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Criticism ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract Can the rise of populism be explained by the growing chasm between rich and poor? With regard to Germany, such a causal relationship must be rejected. Income distribution in Germany has been very stable since 2005, and people’s knowledge on actual inequality and economic development is limited: inequality and unemployment are massively overestimated. At the same time, a persistently isolationist and xenophobic group with diverse concerns and preferences has emerged within the middle classes of society that riggers support for populist parties. This mood is based on welfare chauvinism against immigration rather than on a general criticism of distribution. Since the immigration of recent years will inevitably affect the relevant indicators concerning distribution, an open, cautious but less heated approach is needed in the debate on the future of the welfare state. In order to address and take the local concerns of citizens seriously, an increased exchange with public officials on the ground is needed.

scholarly journals Conservative Anti-Colonialism: Maududi, Marx and Social Equality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
HUMEIRA IQTIDAR
Keyword(s):  
Social Equality ◽  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Racism

Abstract Abul A‘la Maududi explicitly built on Islamic ideas of equality to critique nationalism and modern racism. How then could he reject the idea of social equality between men and women? This is particularly puzzling given his noticeable employment of a Marxist critique of the marketisation of society and liberal conceptions of freedom in his controversial 1939 book Pardah. Parsing out the structure of his argument in Pardah in some detail and emphasising the hitherto understudied engagement with Marxist ideas in his thought, this article shows that Maududi rejected a specific vision of social equality, where equality amounts to exchangeability. His use of Marxist ideas to non-Marxist ends was in large part a result of his assessment of Marx as a capable historian but a flawed philosopher, and more fundamentally a very different conception of society to the Marxist one. Maududi relied on his by then well-developed concept of divine sovereignty to carry much of the conceptual burden regarding his critique of, as well as alternatives to, social equality.

From ICSID Annulment to Appeal Half Way Down the Slippery Slope

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Schreuer
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Slippery Slope ◽  
Domestic Court ◽  
Broad View ◽  
General Criticism

AbstractAnnulment under the ICSID Convention offers a limited remedy on the basis of a few carefully circumscribed grounds. Recently, losing parties have attacked awards for a wide array of reasons. Some ad hoc committees deciding these requests for annulment have taken a broad view of their powers. They have given some grounds for annulment an extremely wide interpretation thereby blurring the line between annulment and appeal. For instance, a perceived mistake in the interpretation of a rule of law has been regarded as an excess of powers for failure to apply the proper law. One ad hoc committee went beyond the reasons for annulment put forward by the applicant. It actively searched for additional grounds and eventually annulled the award for a reason not relied upon by the applicant. Some ad hoc committees have gone beyond the task given to them by the ICSID Convention, offering general criticism and advice to tribunals. The risk that an ICSID award will be annulled is now higher than that a non-ICSID award will be set aside by a competent domestic court.

The Sovereign’s Beatitude

2021 ◽  
pp. 009059172110420
Author(s):  
Zoltan Balazs
Keyword(s):  
Image Of God ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Conceptual Coherence ◽  
Political Sovereignty ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
Theological Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Image Of God

Though it may sound awkward to ask whether the political sovereign is happy or unhappy, the question is relevant to political theory, especially within a political theological perspective. Because man was created in the image of God, human happiness needs to be a reflection of divine beatitude, and as divine sovereignty is, at least analogically, related to political sovereignty, the conceptual coherence is secured. The main argument is, however, that the analogy does not hold. I shall show how St Thomas Aquinas’s short treatment of God’s beatitude may mislead us about power, fame, riches, and dignity being essential to happiness, based on an analysis of Franz Kafka’s major novel, The Castle, and a few other writings by him. I shall argue that our tradition of political thinking and behavior remains ambivalent on this issue. The political sovereign is born out of our unhappy condition, yet its power, fame, riches, and glory suggests to us that it has appropriated our happiness. But for this very reason it cannot be happy, and it therefore suggests a false analogy between the divine and the political sovereign. It is fundamentally at variance with our happiness, which incites us to abandon, reject, and eventually, kill it.

scholarly journals Not for Sale, but for Own Need”: Trade of the Volhynian Gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Second Half of the 16th — First Half of the 17th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Ihor Huliuk
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Economic Nature ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
General Criticism

The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry.

Nation-state and Islamic Government Theoretical and Factual studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ul Haq ◽  
Dr. Aqeel Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Western World ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nation States

The concept of nation state presented by the West at its core is the idea of humanism. In which man was given a central position and freed from the concept of God. Denied everything that was not observed. Therefore, man expelled religion in all matters of life. The logical consequence of which was that the head of human unity was scattered. The slogan of nationalism was used to unite man in the struggle for unity. Which eventually manifested itself in the formation of nation-states the western colonial powers ruled the world in the form of the United Nations change the way of life in the Western World and especially in Muslim society. Which has a profound effect on the Islamic system of government. Islam envisioned divine sovereignty in the system of government. Today the Muslim rulers have forgotten it, and the Western system considered its survival in democracy. The article explains what the core concern of the nation state and Islamic Government is and whether it is based on its own ideas in modern times has been considered.

Epistemology

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Paul Helm
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Birth ◽  
True Knowledge ◽  
John Owen

For Edwards, epistemology went hand in hand with metaphysics, both intellectually and biographically, from his teenage years. The philosophical influences were Locke and Berkeley, and Malebranche as well with his Calvinistic emphasis on divine sovereignty, considered as an activity that was both transcendent, in God’s upholding of all reality, and his disclosure of himself in a wide range of sources, in his divine revelation in Scripture, in the experience of the effects of the new birth of his elect, and in his scientist’s interest in the flora and fauna of his New England environment. True knowledge of divine revelation was supernatural, through the imparting of divine light immediately to the soul in the possession of what he called a ‘new sense’. Beside those mentioned, he was influenced by St. Augustine and by the Puritan John Owen.

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