The Semitic languages of Ethiopia and their classification

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Goldenbekg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Linguistic Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Area

The accumulation of knowledge concerning the Semitic languages of Ethiopia has reached a stage when one may wish to venture upon a systematic comparative investigation of this linguistic group. Such an attempt is E. Hetzron'sEthiopian Semitic: studies in classification, which represents, in terms of genetic classification, the most detailed and penetrating comparative study hitherto undertaken in this field. The book is somewhat more ambitious than its subtitle would suggest; in fact it offers a fairly comprehensive exposition, well reasoned and carefully elaborated, of a new classification of the Ethiopian Semitic languages. And, as already argued a century ago, ‘in the field of cognate languages, classification is but a “modification” of the history of a language’, since ‘eo ipsothe history of language turns into a genetic classification’, or, as postulated in a more recent study, ‘the establishment of valid hypotheses concerning genetic relationships among languages is a necessary preliminary to the systematic reconstruction of their historical development’. The Ethiopian language area is sometimes mentioned as especially convenient for the comparativist. Indeed, ‘the field is inexhaustible and exceptionally fascinating’, as it comprises a rich variety of languages, dialects and ‘sub-dialects’’, Semitic and non-Semitic, spoken side by side in adjacent regions and at various substrata. However, such a linguistic situation is not necessarily favourable for applying the genealogical-comparative method, especially as regards interrelations between close, and rather fragmented, dialects.

THE SUBJECT OF OF “VOGUE” AND “HARPER’S BAZAAR” MAGAZINES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Mykhayliv
Keyword(s):  
Mass Communication ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Verbal Expression ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Universal Themes

In the article according to the theory of the subject, patterns of the existence and genesis of the subject of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” (USA) magazines was analysed, perspective of the emergence of new subjects was established, classification of the current subjects into universal and synthetic was suggested and some regularities of authorial creation of new subjects was examined. The main objective of the study is to identify patterns of existence of actual and formation of new topics in the Means of Mass Communication on the example of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” magazines. In studying of the empiric basis of the research the method of observation is applied; in finding common themes for both publications – a comparative method was used. The method of analysis was used in the decomposition of topics into separate topics; in isolation from the features of the topic, uncharacteristic of a journalistic work – abstraction was applied. The elucidation that the subject appears as a formal verbal expression of a set of homogeneous topics was done by applying the method of formalization. The main results of the research are: obtaining the new classification of topics of “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar” magazines; identification of a significant manifestation of universal themes on the pages of publications; establishment of the basic subjective (deontological) bases of formation of new subjects. A theoretical level of their knowledge will enrich science, equip practice, promote individual and world harmony.

The classification of the Japonic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Elisabeth de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
New Classification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Puzzling Aspect ◽  
Dialect Classification

The chapter starts with an overview of the history of dialect classification in Japan. A puzzling aspect of the distribution pattern of the Japanese dialects is the fact that many features, which cannot all be explained as retentions or simplifications, recur in geographically distant areas. These similarities have been commonly but unsatisfyingly regarded as the result of parallel independent developments. Phonological (including tonal), morphological, and lexical features are selected to illustrate the splits that result in the different branches of Japonic. Based on shared innovations, the new classification at the end of the chapter proposes a Izumo-Tōhoku branch, as well as a Kyūshū-Ryūkyū branch.

scholarly journals Phylogeny in Phonology: How Tai Sound Systems Encode Their Past

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikker Dockum
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Computational Phylogenetics ◽  
Delta Score

The study of sound change is foundational to traditional historical linguistics, particularly the linguistic comparative method. It is well established that the phonology of modern languages encodes useful data for studying the history of those languages, and their genetic relationships to one another. However, phonology has typically been the means to the end, enabling the comparative method, and coding of a comparative lexicon for cognacy. Once coded, the particular sounds involved no longer factor into the analysis. This study examines whether the phoneme inventories and phonotactic profiles of a set of languages themselves contain phylogenetic signal detectable using established statistical tests D statistic (Fritz & Purvis 2010), K (Blomberg et al 2003), and NeighborNet delta score (Holland et al 2002) and Q-residual (Gray et al 2010). This study adds to the growing body of work on the use of phonological traits in computational phylogenetics for linguistics. Using data from 20 Tai lects from the Kra-Dai language family, this study confirms and extends previous findings. This includes detection of strong phylogenetic signal in phoneme frequency and biphone transition probabilities, but also relatively strong phylogenetic signal detected in even coarse-grained phoneme and biphone presence/absence, which previous work was unable to do.

scholarly journals Natural History of Colorectal Cancer with New Classification of Cancer Infiltrating Proper Muscle.

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
I. Takemasa ◽  
N. Kikkawa ◽  
I. Nishisho ◽  
H. Mishima ◽  
M. Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Natural History ◽  
New Classification ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Evolution of the FGF Gene Family

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvan Oulion ◽  
Stephanie Bertrand ◽  
Hector Escriva
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Synteny Conservation ◽  
History Of

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are small proteins generally secreted, acting through binding to transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFRs). Activation of FGFRs triggers several cytoplasmic cascades leading to the modification of cell behavior. FGFs play critical roles in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. Since their discovery in mammals, FGFs have been found in many metazoans and some arthropod viruses. Efforts have been previously made to decipher the evolutionary history of this family but conclusions were limited due to a poor taxonomic coverage. We took advantage of the availability of many new sequences from diverse metazoan lineages to further explore the possible evolutionary scenarios explaining the diversity of the FGF gene family. Our analyses, based on phylogenetics and synteny conservation approaches, allow us to propose a new classification of FGF genes into eight subfamilies, and to draw hypotheses for the evolutionary events leading to the present diversity of this gene family.

scholarly journals A contribution to the linguistic history of the língua geral amazônica

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues ◽  
Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
Linguistic Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries

This paper demonstrates that the changes undergone by Língua Geral Amazônica over 300 years, although it had been exposed to external interference from the Portuguese language and a number of indigenous languages, its development has been gradual without a breakdown on its transmission. This accounts for its genetic origin, according to the principles underlying the Comparative Method and the theoretical model proposed by Thomason and Kaufman (1988). This approach brings evidence against the claim that Língua Geral Geral Amazônica is a creole language neither a language developed by the seventeenth century Jesuit missionaries. Therefore, this paper contributes to the viewing of Língua Geral Amazônica is a version of the Tupinambá language which developed outside the Tupinambá villages but maintaining its genetic relations with the subbranch III of the Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family, together with Tupinambá, Tupí Antigo and the Língua Geral Paulista, as proposed by Rodrigues (1985), in his internal classification of that family

scholarly journals Classification of Mode Archetypes and Modern Problems of Music Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-95
Author(s):  
Elena M. Alkon
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Folk Music ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Musical Mode

Modern problems of musical education are connected with the search for new and more efficient approaches considering the challenges of our time. One of such challenges is unprecedented in history of culture music stream falling upon the modern human. The relict musical mode archetypes, on the basis of which the music of the peoples of the world has been formed for centuries, and which nourish the creativity of the professionals, could be considered as ecologically friendly “musical products”. In this article, following a number of the range of previous publications, the author offers a new classification of mode archetypes based on previously designed principle of asymmetry/symmetry supplemented with several novel approaches. This classification obviously cannot cover all existing mode archetypes of music of people of the world, but definitely addresses their considerable part. Several tables with index-based ordering the most common mode archetypes are considered to be especially significant result of this paper. The author hopes that this method of designation will contribute to the development of a methodology for the analysis of the behavior of mode archetypes in various melodic contexts. The “Solveig’s Song” by E. Grieg is regarded as one of the most famous melodies, in which the musical mode archetype of Norwegian folk music occupies an important place.

scholarly journals ON THE PROBLEM OF METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-301
Author(s):  
R. G. Iblaminov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Natural Mineral ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
History Of

The modeling methodology is considered, and the static models that reflect the state of objects at the time of studying are analyzed. Based on these data, genetic retrospective models are constructed taking into account the modern data. They reflect the history of the processes that led to the formation of deposits. Models characterize the morphology, mineral and chemical composition of mineral bodies, conditions of occurrence, and features of surrounding rocks. Theoretical approaches and the content of modern genetic classification of mineral deposits are the core basis of knowledge about the geology of deposits. It is linked to the classification of igneous and metamorphic rocks described in the petrographic code, as well as to the modern lithology. Classification is necessary to systematize the entire variety of natural mineral objects, the origin of which is often ambiguous. It creates the basis for a unified approach to all natural objects that exist in the Earth's interior. The conditions for the formation of endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenic deposits are considered. Endogenous objects are divided into three groups: magmatic, metasomatic, and hydrothermal. Among the exogenous, the sedimentogenetic, diagenetic, and catagenetic ranks are highlighted. Metamorphic deposits contain dynamothermal, regional-metasomatic, and migmatite classes, as well as thermal, dislocation, and impact metamorphism classes. Examples of typical deposits are given.

Some reflections on genetic relationship in a group of West African Niger-Congo languages

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Heine
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Field ◽  
West African ◽  
Relationship Patterns ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThe linguistic history of the Ghana-Togo Mountain (GTM) languages, spoken in southeastern Ghana and the southern half of Togo, has been the subject of detailed research for more than a century. Nevertheless, there are still problems both with the external and the internal classification of the group. The present paper provides a state of the art overview of this research field. It is argued that linguistic reconstructions that can claim to provide credible hypotheses on genetic relationship patterns among languages are best based on the application of the comparative method.

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