scholarly journals ON THE PROBLEM OF METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-301
Author(s):  
R. G. Iblaminov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Natural Mineral ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
History Of

The modeling methodology is considered, and the static models that reflect the state of objects at the time of studying are analyzed. Based on these data, genetic retrospective models are constructed taking into account the modern data. They reflect the history of the processes that led to the formation of deposits. Models characterize the morphology, mineral and chemical composition of mineral bodies, conditions of occurrence, and features of surrounding rocks. Theoretical approaches and the content of modern genetic classification of mineral deposits are the core basis of knowledge about the geology of deposits. It is linked to the classification of igneous and metamorphic rocks described in the petrographic code, as well as to the modern lithology. Classification is necessary to systematize the entire variety of natural mineral objects, the origin of which is often ambiguous. It creates the basis for a unified approach to all natural objects that exist in the Earth's interior. The conditions for the formation of endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenic deposits are considered. Endogenous objects are divided into three groups: magmatic, metasomatic, and hydrothermal. Among the exogenous, the sedimentogenetic, diagenetic, and catagenetic ranks are highlighted. Metamorphic deposits contain dynamothermal, regional-metasomatic, and migmatite classes, as well as thermal, dislocation, and impact metamorphism classes. Examples of typical deposits are given.

“The Art or Mystery of Physick” – Asante Medicinal Plants and the Western Ordering of Botanical Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 27-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom C. McCaskie
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
West African ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
The West ◽  
Global Expansion ◽  
The Core ◽  
Botanical Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Longue Duree

Abstract:This paper deals with aspects of the still relatively neglected history of African medicinal plants. The core of the paper is a discussion in tabular form of the plants collected in the West African forest kingdom of Asante in 1817 by Henry Tedlie, a member of the well known English mission led by Thomas Bowdich. More generally, the paper considers episodes in the accumulation of Akan, Asante, and African plant specimens by Europeans, and the eventual classification of these in a western authorized botanical taxonomy that is now in worldwide use. The gathering of potentially medicinal plants is a little studied facet of European global expansion, from exploration to colonialism and beyond, and of the sovereign scientific orthodoxy that became established alongside it. The paper frames and discusses relevant details of this process over thelongue durée, from pre-Linnaean taxonomies to current controversies over bioprospecting.

The Semitic languages of Ethiopia and their classification

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Goldenbekg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Linguistic Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Area

The accumulation of knowledge concerning the Semitic languages of Ethiopia has reached a stage when one may wish to venture upon a systematic comparative investigation of this linguistic group. Such an attempt is E. Hetzron'sEthiopian Semitic: studies in classification, which represents, in terms of genetic classification, the most detailed and penetrating comparative study hitherto undertaken in this field. The book is somewhat more ambitious than its subtitle would suggest; in fact it offers a fairly comprehensive exposition, well reasoned and carefully elaborated, of a new classification of the Ethiopian Semitic languages. And, as already argued a century ago, ‘in the field of cognate languages, classification is but a “modification” of the history of a language’, since ‘eo ipsothe history of language turns into a genetic classification’, or, as postulated in a more recent study, ‘the establishment of valid hypotheses concerning genetic relationships among languages is a necessary preliminary to the systematic reconstruction of their historical development’. The Ethiopian language area is sometimes mentioned as especially convenient for the comparativist. Indeed, ‘the field is inexhaustible and exceptionally fascinating’, as it comprises a rich variety of languages, dialects and ‘sub-dialects’’, Semitic and non-Semitic, spoken side by side in adjacent regions and at various substrata. However, such a linguistic situation is not necessarily favourable for applying the genealogical-comparative method, especially as regards interrelations between close, and rather fragmented, dialects.

scholarly journals Empirical models of Jupiter’s interior from Juno data

2018 ◽  
Vol 613 ◽  
pp. A32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongdong Ni
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Field ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Moment Of Inertia ◽  
Radial Density ◽  
Love Number ◽  
Core Mass ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Radial Density Profile ◽  
History Of

Context. The Juno spacecraft has significantly improved the accuracy of gravitational harmonic coefficients J4, J6 and J8 during its first two perijoves. However, there are still differences in the interior model predictions of core mass and envelope metallicity because of the uncertainties in the hydrogen-helium equations of state. New theoretical approaches or observational data are hence required in order to further constrain the interior models of Jupiter. A well constrained interior model of Jupiter is helpful for understanding not only the dynamic flows in the interior, but also the formation history of giant planets. Aims. We present the radial density profiles of Jupiter fitted to the Juno gravity field observations. Also, we aim to investigate our ability to constrain the core properties of Jupiter using its moment of inertia and tidal Love number k2 which could be accessible by the Juno spacecraft. Methods. In this work, the radial density profile was constrained by the Juno gravity field data within the empirical two-layer model in which the equations of state are not needed as an input model parameter. Different two-layer models are constructed in terms of core properties. The dependence of the calculated moment of inertia and tidal Love number k2 on the core properties was investigated in order to discern their abilities to further constrain the internal structure of Jupiter. Results. The calculated normalized moment of inertia (NMOI) ranges from 0.2749 to 0.2762, in reasonable agreement with the other predictions. There is a good correlation between the NMOI value and the core properties including masses and radii. Therefore, measurements of NMOI by Juno can be used to constrain both the core mass and size of Jupiter’s two-layer interior models. For the tidal Love number k2, the degeneracy of k2 is found and analyzed within the two-layer interior model. In spite of this, measurements of k2 can still be used to further constrain the core mass and size of Jupiter’s two-layer interior models.

The Sangha in Buddhist History

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
D. N. De L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of

Of all the distinctive features of the Buddhist religion, one of the most neglected is the sangha. Scholars give much attention to the study of texts and commentaries, the analysis of doctrines and the classification of schools. But the core of the Buddhist religion is the sangha, the community of bhikkhus around whose corporate life the religion is moulded. It is the existence and structure of the sangha which has shaped the history of Buddhism, enabled it to take root in new countries, and given it the customs and rituals which have made it a religion rather than a small sect.

Ship Abandonment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Richards
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Marine Insurance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Functional Transformations

Ship abandonment relates to the transfer of vessel possession and is at the core of marine insurance classification. This article explores the theme of ship abandonment in two sections—classification of abandonment activities and behaviors, and the history of ship abandonment studies by maritime historians and archaeologists. The history of ship abandonment is presented in the form of case studies in this article. Ship graveyards contain a high concentration of wrecked vessels and are also called ship traps. There are two types of ship graveyards, the first, where vessels are deliberately abandoned in situations like war, and the second, where unwanted vessels are dumped. Ship abandonment is a cycle of abandonment of one function for the adoption of another. These changes involve structural and functional transformations. This article emphasizes the fact that ships are objects abounding with the qualities of particular cultures, as well as the maritimity of culture.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the collection of tropical and subtropical plants of the Botanical Garden of Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University on the basis of modern international classifications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.П. Адонина
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Standardization ◽  
Technical University

История коллекции тропических и субтропических растений Ботанического сада СПбГЛТУ насчитывает 175 лет с 1834 г., когда на территории СанктПетербургского Форст института была построена первая оранжерея. На протяжении почти двух веков коллекция формировалась и использовалась для обеспечения учебного процесса. В XIX начале XX вв. каталогизация коллекционных фондов проводилась по системе А. Энглера, начиная с 80х годов прошлого века по системе А.Л. Тахтаджяна. В работе представлен обзор коллекции тропических и субтропических растений на основе современных международных классификаций: APG IV, PPG I и т. д., основанных на молекулярных исследованиях и насчитывает 1344 таксона из которых 996 видов, 65 разновидностей и 283 культивара. Все растения относятся к классу Equisetopsida C.Agardh, и входят в состав 7 подклассов, 53 порядков, 124 семейств и 428 родов. Коллекция птеридофитов представлена тремя порядками и включает 14 семейств, 25 родов, 52 вида и 14 культиваров (66 таксонов). Коллекция голосеменных содержит 4 подкласса, 6 порядков, 9 семейств, 17 родов, 24 вида и 5 сортов (29 таксонов). Коллекция покрытосеменных имеет один подкласс Magnoliidae, 10 надпорядков, 41 порядок, 101 семейство, 386 родов, 920 видов, 65 тпр, 264 культивара (1249 таксонов). Международноунифицированный подход к классификации растений является важным шагом в усилении международной стандартизации обучения. The history of the collection of tropical and subtropical plants of the Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University is 175 years old. It dates back to 1834, when the first greenhouse was built on the territory of the St. Petersburg Forest Institute. For almost two centuries, the collection was formed and used to support the educationprocess. In XIX and early XX centuries cataloging of collection funds was carried out according to the system of A. Engler, starting from 1980s, according to the system of A.L. Tahtajyan. The paper presents a review of the collection of tropical and subtropical plants based on modern international classifications (APG IV, PPG I, etc.), based on molecular studies. The collection accounts for 1344 taxons of which 996 species, 65 varietiesand 283 cultivars. All plants belong to the class Equisetopsida C.Agardh, and are included in 7 subclasses, 53 orders, 124 families and 428 genera. The pteridophyte collection is represented by three orders and includes 14 families, 25 genera, 52 species and 14 cultivars (66 taxa).The angiosperm collections have one subclass Magnoliidae, 10 superorders, 41 orders, 101 families, 386 genera, 920 species, 65 varieties, 264 cultivars (1249 taxa). This internationally unified approach to the classification of plants is an important step in strengthening the international standardization of training.

East Cushitic

2020 ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Mauro Tosco
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Subgroup ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
Elusive Concept

This chapter discusses the internal classification of East Cushitic, alongside a brief history of the debate, and different classificatory proposals. The aim being genetic classification, typological and areal features are mentioned only in so far as they impinge on matters of genetic subgrouping. The chapter proposes a classification based upon shared innovations and successive binary splits. The soundness of the old and elusive concept of “Lowland East Cushitic” is discussed. In the end, an overarching opposition between a Lowland and Highland branch is proposed, with the latter being the result of specific innovations. Within Lowland, the development (not shared by Saho-Afar) of preverbal subject clitics gave rise to a majority group (Southern Lowland), which was in its turn split into a Nuclear subgroup made up of Oromoid and Omo-Tana (with Oromo and Somali as major representatives), with the Dullay cluster and Yaaku as residual peripheral languages (possibly a genetic subgroup of its own).

scholarly journals Phylogeny of the Neotropical element of the Randia clade (Gardenieae, Rubiaceae, Gentianales)

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-469
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lopes Borges ◽  
Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison ◽  
Nádia Roque ◽  
Catarina Rydin
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
The Core ◽  
Close Affinity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographic Distributions ◽  
Future Work

Background and aims – Generic limits of the tropical tribe Gardenieae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) have partly remained unsettled. We produced a new phylogeny of the Randia clade, with emphasis on its Neotropical clade comprising five genera (Casasia, Randia, Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena). The result was subsequently used to evaluate and discuss: a) the respective monophyly of the above-mentioned genera and their interrelationships; b) relationships within Tocoyena and the evolutionary relevance of its subgeneric classification; and c) the monophyly of the morphologically variable T. formosa.Material and methods – We examined the phylogeny of the Randia clade based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of sequence data from two nuclear (ETS and Xdh) and two plastid (petB-petD and trnT-F) DNA regions from 59 individuals (including seven representatives from the remaining Ixoroideae).Key results – The Neotropical clade of the Randia clade comprises three major lineages, the Randia armata subclade, the Randia-Casasia subclade and the Rosenbergiodendron subclade. Neither Casasia nor Randia is monophyletic. Tocoyena is sister to Rosenbergiodendron + Sphinctanthus and is subdivided into three lineages: the Tocoyena pittieri group, the Tocoyena guianensis group, and the core Tocoyena. Tocoyena williamsii is paraphyletic with respect to T. pittieri. Tocoyena formosa is polyphyletic and should be re-circumscribed.Conclusions – Our results demonstrate the monophyly of each of the relatively species-poor genera Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena, and confirm their close affinity. The serial classification of Tocoyena does not reflect the evolutionary history of the genus. The paraphyly of T. williamsii with respect to T. pittieri, together with their morphological similarities and geographic distributions, support the inclusion of the former in the latter. Our study calls for additional phylogenetic work on Casasia and the more species-rich genus Randia. While the respective monophyly of both genera is rejected here, future work with a broader representation of Randia is needed.

scholarly journals Soil classification in Belarus: history and current problems

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Viktar Tsyrybka ◽  
Hanna Ustsinava
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

Abstract The article contains a brief history of the development of the soil classification scheme of the Republic of Belarus. It comprises the description of the most widely-used (acknowledged) genetic classification of soils, characteristics of basic taxonomic units (type, subtype, sort, kind, and variation), and characteristics of the 13 main types of Belarusian soils. The map of the soil cover of Belarus and the morphological and genetic characteristics of typical and unique soil varieties are presented. The main problems of the national soil classification and its correlation with the international WRB system are shown.

Languages and Genes in China and In East Asia

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Alain Peyraube
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Linguistic Distance ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Evolution

This article poses two main questions: can the history of genes help us understand better what the Chinese linguistic situation was some 5,000 years B.P., not to mention the population distribution in China? Consequently can the history of genes helps us in grouping the languages of China and East Asia into families and macro-families? Languages and genes have two different histories and two different types of evolution – one being natural, the other one largely cultural – with different mechanisms of origin and reproduction. Nonetheless, there are indeed many clear analogies in the mechanisms of transmission: mutation, natural selection, migration, and chance. These have lead population geneticists and linguists to look for any congruence in genetic and linguistic evolution, in order to correlate genetic and linguistic distance. In light of these congruences, but also of non-correlations existing between the genetic classification of populations and the classification of languages, the different hypotheses concerning the traditional grouping of languages (Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai , Miao-Yao or Hmong-Mjen, Altaic), as well as the new groupings in macro-families (Austric, Austro-Tai, Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian, Sino-Indo-European, Sino-Caucasian, Proto-East-Asian, etc.) will be discussed. It will be concluded that while we have various hypotheses, we are not sure of anything. The considerable accumulation of data in population genetics has rendered the landscape much less simple, all the more so since the theoretical models of evolution necessary to interpret the genetic data in historical context are still being refined.

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