scholarly journals Early references to collective punishment in an excavated Chinese text: analysis and discussion of an imprecation from the Wenxian covenant texts

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
Social Units ◽  
Collective Punishment

AbstractSusan Roosevelt Weld has observed that the Houma and Wenxian covenant texts, excavated texts dating to the fifth centurybc, can be considered “examples of collective responsibility”. New materials from the Wenxian covenant texts provide further evidence relevant to this issue. In this article I present my analysis of a previously unseen imprecation, “Cause [you] to have no descendants” 俾毋有胄後. I suggest the excavated covenants provide the earliest references found in a legal context to collective punishment, a practice that, while archaic in origin, is generally better known from Qin and later penal codes. I also discuss the scope of the termshì氏, as it is used in the imprecation, in the context of Mark Lewis's work defining basic social units in the Zhou period.

scholarly journals Advanced Contemplation of the Impure: Reflections on a Capstone Event in the Meditation Sutra

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Michel Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mental Construct ◽  
Initial Results

The present article explores the form of meditation called contemplation of the impure (Skt aśubha-bhāvanā; Ch. bújìng guān 不淨觀) and its meticulous description in a Chinese text produced in the early fifth century CE. It illustrates the problematic nature of the pure-impure polarity and suggests that, ultimately, “purity” refers to two different things. As a generic category, it can be understood as a mental construct resulting from the mind’s discursive functioning, which tends to be further complicated by cultural factors. The other avenue for interpreting “purity” is provided in this meditation manual, which describes how meditation on impurity leads to the direct perception of purity, and to the vision of a “pure land.” This stage is identified as a “sign” marking the completion of this contemplative practice. Examining the specific nature of this capstone event and some of its implications lies at the core of the research whose initial results are presented here. Although this particular Buddhist contemplation of the impure begins with mental images of decaying corpses, it culminates with the manifestation of a vision filling the practitioner with a sense of light and purity. This high point indicates when the practice has been successful, an event that coincides for practitioners with a time when they catch a glimpse of their true nature. The last section of this article further discusses the extent to which positing an intrinsically pure nature—one of the major innovations introduced by Buddhism in fifth-century China—could inform ethical views.

scholarly journals Collective punishment depends on collective responsibility and political organization of the target group

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 4-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pereira ◽  
Jacques Berent ◽  
Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor ◽  
Christian Staerklé ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Collective Punishment

scholarly journals Gold in a Woman’s Burial Costume of the Late Ancient Bosporan Elite: New Materials from Phanagoreia

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Ol’ga M., Voroshilova ◽  
Aleksej N. Voroshilov
Keyword(s):  
Gold Foil ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Front Side ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Migration Period ◽  
Outer Garment ◽  
Fine Gold ◽  
Funeral Ceremony

This paper publishes a unique woman’s costume with gold ornaments from the Hunnic Period. This find originates from a burial vault in Phanagoreia dated back to the late fourth or early fifth century AD. There are numerous gold foil badges uncovered in situ on a woman’s neck and chest. They were sewn on the collar of a robe and an outer garment. Gold ornaments appeared only on the front side of the cloths to be seen by the funeral ceremony participants. The find of the ornaments in Phanagoreia contributes to the suggestion that there was a universal set of gold ornaments for cloth in the Hunnic Period. It has been inferred that the costume decorated with fine gold ornaments played ceremonial role. It was made especially for funerals of noble and rich women belonging to the Bosporan elite. However, the culture of the barbarians living in the vicinity of the Bosporan Kingdom in the Migration Period possibly developed alternative perception of the costume in question

An algorithm of deep analysis for Chinese text in the framework of predicational conception of language

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Sofya A. Simatova
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Linguistic

The paper presents an adaptation of the model of deep text analysis elaborated earlier by Yu. V. Popov and T. P. Tregubovich for German. The development of the model for Chinese is based on principles of the general linguistic predicational conception of V.A. Kurdyumov, which nowadays is the only one taking into account the specificity of isolating languages. The advantage of the model, presented in the article, consists in revealing the mechanism of Chinese text production and presenting the functioning of cohesion phenomenon not only in the micro-, but also in the macrostructure of text. The algorithm of analysis, proposed in the article, has a certain degree of universality, and, with some modifications, it can be implemented in text analysis of different types of languages. It is concluded that with additional elucidations for several steps of the algorithm it is possible to use the proposed model of deep text analysis both for monologic and dialogic texts.

Research on Coherence Structure Construction for Chinese Text

2011 ◽  
Vol 474-476 ◽  
pp. 1648-1651
Author(s):  
Yan Min Chen ◽  
Xi Zhong Lou ◽  
Jing Wen Zhan ◽  
Shan Qiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Construction Method ◽  
Coherence Relation

This paper presents a coherence structure construction method based on discourse cue phrases for Chinese text. An algorithm that derives the coherence structure from classes of coherence relation is illustrated, and classes of coherence relation can be concluded empirically by cue phrases of discourse. The experiment result shows that the algorithm can find most of the important coherence structure. It is useful for text analysis.

scholarly journals Cultural, textual and linguistic aspects of legal translation: A model of text analysis for training legal translators

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Soriano Barabino
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Integrative Process

AbstractLegal translation training involves the acquisition and development of a set of sub-competences that constitute legal translation competence (Cao, Deborah. 2007. Translating law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2011. Developing legal translation competence: An integrative process-oriented approach. Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communications 5. 7–21; Piecychna, Beata. 2013. Legal translation competence in the light of translational hermeneutics. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34(47). 141–159; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2016. Comparative law for legal translators. Oxford: Peter Lang; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2018. La formación del traductor jurídico: Análisis de la competencia traductora en traducción jurídica y propuesta de programa formativo. Quaderns: Revista de Traduccio 25. 217–229). The development of those sub-competences is part of a complex process where students are faced with different concepts and translation strategies and techniques which are not necessarily easy to grasp for trainee translators (Way, Catherine. 2014. Structuring a legal translation course: A framework for decision-making in legal translation training. In Le Cheng, King Kui Sin & Anne Wagner (eds.), The Ashgate handbook of legal translation. Farnham: Ashgate), particularly when applied to a legal context. It is our experience that translation students tend to focus on the product (text production) and do not spend enough time analysing the source text, which results in obvious mistakes in mainly – but not only – cultural (legal), textual and linguistic aspects. The interdisciplinary nature of legal translation calls for an integrative model for teaching and learning. The model presented provides trainees with a framework for source text analysis that places the communicative situation and the translation brief at the core from which three fundamental dimensions, based on the aspects mentioned above, develop. Elements such as the legal cultures involved, legal text typologies or the level of specialisation of terms and discourse are some of the aspects to be considered, so allowing trainees to achieve a thorough understanding of the source text for a conscious translation. The model will be applied to a specific source text and translation brief.

Measuring and explaining formal institutional persistence in French West Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Berinzon ◽  
Ryan C. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
West African ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
African Countries ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Institutional Persistence ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
Colonial Institutions

AbstractColonial institutions are thought to be highly persistent, but measuring that persistence is difficult. Using a text analysis method that allows us to measure similarity between bodies of text, we examine the extent to which one formal institution – the penal code – has retained colonial language in seven West African countries. We find that the contemporary penal codes of most countries retain little colonial language. Additionally, we find that it is not meaningful to speak of institutional divergence across the unit of French West Africa, as there is wide variation in the legislative post-coloniality of individual countries. We present preliminary analyses explaining this variation and show that the amount of time that a colony spent under colonisation correlates with more persistent colonial institutions.

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