Extraction and Separation of Chlorsulfuron and its Metabolites from Treated Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hank D. Bestman ◽  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Preparative Chromatography ◽  
Separation Procedure ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Field Pennycress

14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} and its metabolites were extracted from flax (Linum sativumL.), field penny cress (stinkweed) (Thlaspi arvenseL. # THLAR), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) with an average efficiency of 94% using an aqueous extraction procedure. Chlorsulfuron and its metabolites were separated on a reverse-phase preparative chromatography column by eluting with a step gradient of aqueous 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and methanol. Major peaks were eluted at 35 and 45% methanol, and minor peaks at 10, 25, and 100% methanol. The 45% methanol peak represented unmetabolized chlorsulfuron or its hydroxylated derivative and was the only fraction that exhibited biological activity. In wheat and flax, 75 and 62%, respectively, of the extracted activity were eluted by 35% methanol and, in the case of wheat, this fraction was shown to be a glycosylated derivative of chlorsulfuron. Although14C-chlorsulfuron was metabolized to a lesser extent in field pennycress, our data indicate that over 50% of the absorbed14C-activity was recovered in forms other than14C-chlorsulfuron 5 days after treatment. The separation procedure can be used readily to assess the amount of chlorsulfuron detoxification that occurs in plants.

Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Fecundity, Seed Dispersal, Dormancy, and Emergence

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Christy L. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Seed Fate ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Winter Annuals ◽  
Winter Annual

Winter annual weeds protect the soil from erosion and retain nutrients during the winter; however, they can also act as a host for crop pests and pathogens and impede planting. Increased knowledge of the reproductive biology and the seed fate of winter annuals would be useful to improve management and crop productivity. The objectives of this research were to determine the recruitment biology of shepherd's-purse, henbit, common chickweed, and field pennycress, including seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence, based on growing degree days (GDD). Henbit was the least prolific of the four weeds studied, producing 800 to 40,000 seeds m−2at naturally occurring densities; shepherd's-purse was the most prolific, producing 11,000 to 400,000 seeds m−2with 40 to 230 plants m−2. Fifty percent seed rain occurred for henbit, common chickweed, shepherd's-purse, and field pennycress at 620, 790, 880, and 1300 GDDBase,0C, respectively. Overall, seeds were dormant for all species at the time of dispersal. In 2 of 3 yr, dormancy of later-dispersed common chickweed decreased after 6 mo of storage at natural, fluctuating temperatures in the absence of water. The emergence patterns of the four species followed the Gompertz equation and were indicative of facultative winter annuals. The emergence patterns by rate were similar between henbit and common chickweed and between shepherd's-purse and field pennycress. Seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence were influenced by moisture; therefore, including a precipitation or soil moisture component into a GDD model (such as the use of hydrothermal time) would improve the accuracy of predicting winter annual reproduction, seed fate, and emergence.

scholarly journals Thlaspi arvense, a New Host for Alternaria brassicicola

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 960-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Cobb ◽  
H. R. Dillard
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
New Host ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Field Pennycress

A leaf spot was observed on cruciferous weeds growing in a cabbage field located in Geneva, NY, on 1 August 1996. The leaf spots on the weeds were dark gray to black in color and varied in size from pinpoints to 1 mm in diameter. The cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) was infected with Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire, the cause of Alternaria leaf spot. The weeds were identified as Thlaspi arvense L., a winter annual commonly referred to as field pennycress, stinkweed, or fanweed depending on geographic location. Isolations from the diseased weed tissue yielded A. brassicicola (2). The numerous conidia occurred in chains of 10 or more, ranged in size from 14 to 53 μm in length, were 5 to 18 μm wide, contained from 1 to 6 transverse septa with rare longitudinal septa, and were olivaceous in color. An apical beak was absent. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) the colony was dark olive-green to black in color and velvety. Seed was collected from the T. arvense plannts in the spring of 1997. One hundred seeds were placed in petri plates containing PDA amended with 0.01% of chloramphenicol and streptomycin sulfate. A. brassicicola was not isolated from the seeds. A different area of the field was planted to cabbage in 1997 and the cruciferous weeds were allowed to grow. The 1997 population of T. arvense consisted of plants from the previous season that flowered early and plants from seeds that germinated late in the season but did not flower. A. brassicicola was isolated from nonflowering weeds in September and from flowering weeds in October. Nonflowering plants were removed from the field in November, planted in pots, and placed in the greenhouse to induce flowering. Identity of both plant populations was confirmed as T. arvense (Warren Lamboy, Cornell University, Geneva, NY). Pathogencity of A. brassicicola isolates from T. arvense was demonstrated on cabbage and T. arvense by following Koch's postulates. Conidia (105) from a 5-day-old culture isolated from T. arvense grown on PDA were atomized onto field pennycress and cabbage plants with a Preval sprayer. The plants were enclosed in plastic bags and put under lathe shading in the greenhouse. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic tissue of both plants after 5 days. This weed could serve as a potential source of A. brassicicola inoculum because it is not controlled by herbicides used in crucifer production systems. Alternaria raphani has been reported on T. arvense in Canada (1). This is believed to be the first report of A. brassicicola on T. arvense. References: (1) K. Mortensen et al. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 73:129, 1993. (2) P. Neergaard. 1945. Danish Species of Alternaria and Stemphylium. Oxford University Press, London. pp. 137–138.

scholarly journals Germination Patterns in Seeds Produced in Apical and Basal Fruits of Two Thlaspi arvense Populations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Eva Edo-Tena ◽  
Russ W. Gesch ◽  
Aritz Royo-Esnal
Keyword(s):  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Populations

The aim of the present work is to study possible differences in the germination behavior of apical and basal seeds (produced in the upper and lower fruits of the infruitescence), of two populations of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), both produced in a Mediterranean and a continental temperate climate. The results showed that among the three studied factors (population, seed type, production site), only the production site was relevant for the total germination, germinating those produced in Morris in a greater amount than those produced in Lleida. Germination models could be applied only to seeds produced at Morris (>10% germination), and despite the lack of differences in the total germination percentage, germination rates (speed—b parameter—and time to 50% germination—G50) differed between population and seed types—apical seeds from the Spanish population germinated faster (lower b parameter) than the rest, while apical seeds of both populations germinated faster than the corresponding basal seeds (lower G50). The results show, on the one hand, the importance of the seed production site if this species was considered as a commercial oilseed crop and, on the other hand, differences that will help seed selection for seed germination and establishment improvement of pennycress.

scholarly journals Emergence of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.): Comparison of two accessions and modelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritz Royo-Esnal ◽  
Jevgenija Necajeva ◽  
Joel Torra ◽  
Jordi Recasens ◽  
Russ W Gesch
Keyword(s):  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Field Pennycress

scholarly journals Early planting dates maximize winter annual field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) yield and oil content

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Dose ◽  
Carrie A. Eberle ◽  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Russ W. Gesch
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Early Planting ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Winter Annual

Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Moser ◽  
Shailesh N. Shah ◽  
Jill K. Winkler-Moser ◽  
Steven F. Vaughn ◽  
Roque L. Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Lepidium Sativum L

Dopamine acts on acetylation of proopiomelanocortin-derived products in dog pituitary

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Facchinetti ◽  
R. Perez-Fernandez ◽  
M. O. Toma ◽  
G.J. Gaudiero ◽  
M.J. Lechuga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Reverse Phase Hplc ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Dopaminergic Receptor ◽  
Hplc Purification

Abstract. The effect of chronic dopaminergic receptor blockade using domperidone (DOM) on the immature dog pituitary content of POMC-related peptides was evaluated. Six immature dogs were treated with DOM for 15 days, 3 times/day, po (3 mg/kg) together with DOM sc (0.6 mg/kg) at 21.00 h. Placebo was administered to six control animals with the same protocol. On the 16th day, the animals were killed, the whole pituitary removed, homogenized, and submitted to reverse-phase HPLC purification prior to radioimmunoassay (RIA) evaluation of β-endorphin, ACTH and α-MSH immunoreactivities (ir). DOM-treated dogs showed a pituitary concentration of β-EP and ACTH similar to the placebo-treated dogs. The total α-MSH ir was similar in both groups and distributed on two main peaks: one corresponding to α-MSH and another coeluting with des-acetyl-α-MSH [1-13(ACTH)NH2]. However, the percentage of α-MSH on total ir in DOMtreated dogs (15.4 ± 2.6%) was lower than in controls (37.5 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01); the corresponding percentage of 1-13(ACTH)NH2 content was 63.0 ± 3.8% vs 44.7 ± 3.7%, (P < 0.01). The α-MSH/1-13(ACTH)NH2 ratio was considerably decreased by the treatment (0.25 ± 0.06 vs 0.89 + 0.15, P < 0.01). < 0.01). Acetyl β-EP-like ir was also lower in treated (38.4 + 5.4 fmol/mg) vs control (86.6 + 19.2 fmol/mg, P < 0.05) animals. These data indicate that the dopaminergic system plays an important role in the control of acetylation processes of POMC-related peptides in the pituitary. This may be crucial as far as the biological activity of the peptides is concerned.

scholarly journals Determination of inorganic arsenic and its organic metabolites in urine by flow-injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1662-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Hanna ◽  
J F Tyson ◽  
S McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Separation Procedure

Abstract A method has been developed for the determination of inorganic arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] and its organic metabolites (monomethylarsenic and dimethylarsenic) in urine by flow-injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The nontoxic seafood-derived arsenobetaine and arsenocholine species were first separated by a solid-phase extraction procedure. The remaining sample was digested with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids and potassium dichromate, followed by attack with hydrogen peroxide. The resulting As(V) was reduced to As(III) with potassium iodide in hydrochloric acid before injection into the flow-injection manifold. The percentage analytical recoveries (mean +/- 95% confidence interval) of various arsenic species added to a urine specimen at 250 micrograms/L were 108 +/- 2, 112 +/- 11, 104 +/- 7, and 95 +/- 5 for As(III), As(V), monomethylarsenic, and dimethylarsenic, respectively. For the determination of arsenic in Standard Reference Material 2670 (toxic metals in human urine), results agreed with the certified value (480 +/- 100 micrograms/L). Analyses of samples for the Centre de Toxicologie du Quebec, containing seafood-derived species, demonstrated the viability of the separation procedure. Detection limits were between 0.1 and 0.2 microgram/L in the solution injected into the manifold, and precision at 10 micrograms/L was between 2% and 3% (CV). These preliminary results show that the method might be applicable to determinations of arsenic in a range of clinical urine specimens.

DETECTION OF FACTOR X ACTIVATION IN HUMANS

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Bauer ◽  
B L Kass ◽  
M Bednarek ◽  
M Kloczewiak ◽  
J Hawiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Synthetic Analogue ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Native Peptide ◽  
Activation Peptide ◽  
Factor X Activation

The activation of factor X by factor VII/VIIa-tissue factor or factor IXa plays a pivotal role in the hemostatic mechanism. This reaction results in the liberation of a peptide from the zymogen for which we have developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), The native peptide was purified from activated human factor X by hydroxylapatite chromatography and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Gel filtration experiments demonstrated that the peptide was not physically associated with the enzyme. A 15 amino acid peptide with the COOH-terminal sequence of the activation fragment was synthesized using the solid-phase method of Merrifield. Antisera were raised in rabbits to the synthetic analogue coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. The antibody population obtained was used to construct a double antibody RIA and was able to measure as little as 0.02 nM of this component. The antibody reactivity toward the factor X zymogen was negligible (less than 1/36,000 that of the activation peptide on a molar basis). However because other plasma constituents contributed to a nonspecific basal signal in the RIA, we developed an extraction procedure for the native peptide utilizing perchloric acid. Plasma peptide levels in normal individuals were ∼0.1 nM, and elevations up to 0.8 nM were observed in patients with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Individuals chronically anticoagulated with coumarin derivatives had plasma levels of this peptide suppressed to ∼0.02 nM. The validity of our measurements of factor X activation in vivo is supported by the fact that the immunoreactive signal migrates on reverse-phase HPLC in a manner identical to that of the native activation peptide and can be quantitatively recovered. This assay should be useful for studying the pathophysiology of thrombotic as well as bleeding disorders in humans.

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