Effect of Herbicide Treatments on Overseeded Putting Green Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Untreated Check

Putting green turf containing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist IV’) overseeded on a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’] was treated with single and sequential herbicide treatments during the spring and transition period from cool to warm season grass. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha reduced the quality of putting green turf immediately after treatment in early spring. Turf injury was greater with oxadiazon than with butralin. Two applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha resulted in a lower quality turf with less ryegrass when compared with the untreated check. Methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 1.1 kg/ha severely injured ryegrass and resulted in a lower turf quality.

Transition From Overseeded Cool-Season Grass to Warm-Season Grass with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Piedmont Region

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr on pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] treatments in the Piedmont region of Georgia to aid the transition of overseeded cool-season turf to warm-season turf in early spring. Pronamide applied to overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Game’ and ‘Manhattan’) gradually reduced the growth of perennial ryegrass and permitted bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’] to initiate spring growth with little competition. Total turfgrass cover and turf quality ratings in pronamide treated plots were lower than ratings for untreated plots during the transition period. However, the reduction in turf quality and stand was minimal when pronamide was applied March 20 at 0.8 kg/ha. The turf quality and stand was 76 and 88% of the untreated check on April 23 and May 9, respectively, but the turf fully recovered within 2 weeks. The turf quality was higher in plots treated with pronamide on March 20 than in untreated check throughout June. The optimum date of promanide treatment in the Piedmont Region for transition of cool-season grass to warm-season grass was March 20, when compared to applications made on February 28, April 9, or April 29.

scholarly journals Performance and Transition Date of a Turf-type Annual Ryegrass in Comparison to Perennial Ryegrass and Fine Fescues

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R. Nelson ◽  
J. Crowder ◽  
H.B. Pemberton
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Fine Fescue ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has traditionally been used to overseed warm-season grasses in the southern U.S. when warm-season sods are dormant due to chilling temperatures. In this study we investigated overseeding turf-type annual ryegrass (two cultivars of L. multiflorum and one cultivar of L. rigidum) and chewing fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata) as well as perennial ryegrass onto a warm-season common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) sod. The objective was to compare turf quality, turf color, and transition date of turf-type annuals with perennials and other cool-season grasses. Results for turf quality indicated that the annual ryegrass cultivars `Axcella' and `Panterra' (L. multiflorum) compared very well with perennials through March; however, in April and May, perennials were superior for quality. `Hardtop' fine fescue is a hard fescue (F. ovina var. duriuscula). It was inferior to the annuals for turf quality from December to April when the annuals began to die. For turf color, annuals had a lower rating compared to dark green perennials such as `Premier II', `Derby Supreme', or `Allstar'. `Panterra' was darker compared to `Axcella' in March and April. Chewing fescue was intermediate in color compared to annuals and perennials. For turf height, `Axcella' was taller than `Panterra', which were both taller than the perennials, and the fine fescues were shorter than the perennials. For transition in the spring, the annuals had a shorter transition and died about 1 month earlier than the perennials. `Transtar' (L. rigidum) had an earlier transition than the other annuals. The perennials tended to have a longer transition period. The fescues had a very long transition period and were similar to the perennials.

Tolerance of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Putting Greens to Herbicide Treatments

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Herbicides were applied annually in March or March plus August to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. Tifdwarf’] putting greens for 6 yr. Bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] delayed early spring growth of bermudagrass less than the other herbicides, but did not adversely affect turf quality during the growing season. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] treatments applied twice each year severely retarded turf growth and reduced the quality and stand of bermudagrass. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide] and prosulfalin {N-[[4-dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl] sulfonyl]-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine} treatments reduced root growth of bermudagrass.

Effect of Timing of Spring Applications of Herbicides on Quality of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson ◽  
Robert E. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] applied to dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’ ♯ CYNDA] retarded early foliar growth more than other herbicides evaluated. When bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] treatments were delayed until after bermudagrass initiated spring growth, foliar growth and quality were generally lower than when the treatments were applied to dormant turf. Retardation of early foliar bermudagrass growth by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) was generally the same whether applied to dormant or semidormant turf. This combination of herbicides reduced the quality and density of bermudagrass when applied to growing but not to dormant turf. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] did not retard bermudagrass growth or affect density whether applied to dormant or semidormant turf, but turf quality was slightly lower when atrazine was applied to semidormant turf.

scholarly journals Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars as Influenced by Spring Scalping

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Rimi ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Bernd Leinauer ◽  
Umberto Ziliotto
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Dormancy ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The University

Winter dormancy is the main impediment to a wide acceptance of warm-season turfgrasses in the Mediterranean countries of Europe due to a loss of color during the winter months. Scalping during late winter or early spring has been recommended anecdotally to enhance spring green-up of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon); however, information is lacking on the effectiveness of this practice. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of spring scalping on spring green-up of eight bermudagrass cultivars (Barbados, Contessa, La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess-77, SR 9554, and Yukon) grown in a transition zone environment. The trial was carried out in Spring of 2009 and 2010 on plots established in July 2005 at the experimental farm of the University of Padova (northeastern Italy). Half of the plots for each cultivar were subjected to spring scalping, which was applied in both years on 13 Mar. with a rotary mower set at a height of 28 mm. Soil temperatures were recorded hourly during the research period at a depth of 2.5 cm. The percentage of green cover was estimated weekly from 0 to 98 days after spring scalping (DASS). Soil temperatures in scalped plots were greater than in unscalped plots. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up, with no difference between the scalping treatments, reaching 80% green cover by the end of April. For all other cultivars, scalped plots reached 80% green cover 10 to 18 days earlier than unscalped plots. Results showed that scalping enhanced spring green-up, primarily for cultivars that recover slowly from winter dormancy.

scholarly journals The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 521A-521
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Heating ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Pass Through

Recently, full-green turf on the sports fields in a winter period is highly required. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one of the successful methods to make them seem green. However, maintenance cost for winter overseeded turf is relatively expensive, and WOS itself involves some difficulties. On the other hand, under-soil heating (USHS) has been used only for cool-season grass pitch, but for warm-season grass pitch for the purpose to make them full green in a winter term. The objectives of this study are: 1) to confirm USHS's effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USHS can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality, even in a severe winter period. The parameters needed to create the system are obtained. Those includes: heating pipe's spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USHS needs plastic cover for insulation, which light, air and water can pass through. Compared with WOS, this method can reduce maintenance fee and procedures such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition in a spring. Thus, it can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the turf quality higher and maintenance cost can be less than WOS. The future subjects are to assess weed invasion, pests and diseases levels induced by USHS or by excess humidity, and to create a special maintenance program for this method.

Influence of Spring-Applied Herbicides on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Greens Overseeded with Roughstalk Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Poa Trivialis

Premergence (PRE) herbicides were applied to a bermudagrass golf green overseeded with ‘Laser’ roughstalk bluegrass during 1995 and 1996 to determine their effects on roughstalk bluegrass injury and on the transition from a mixed cool- and warm-season grass back to the permanent bermudagrass. Roughstalk bluegrass tolerated single March applications of trifluralin plus benefin at 2.2 kg/ha, pendimethalin at 3.4 kg/ha, dithiopyr at 0.6 kg/ha, prodiamine at 0.8 kg/ha, bensulide plus oxadiazon at 8.4 kg/ha, and bensulide at 11.2 kg/ha. A single March application of oxadiazon plus benefin at 3.4 kg/ha severely injured (35%) the overseeded turf in 1 yr, but not when 1.7 kg/ha was applied in March and repeated in May. One-half recommended rates of oxadiazon and bensulide plus oxadiazon applied in March did not cause any undesirable injury, but when repeated in May, moderate to severe injury (28 to 33%) occurred in June. Oryzalin at ≥ 1.1 kg/ha, benefin plus oryzalin at ≥ 1.1 kg/ha, and oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin at ≥ 1.7 kg/ha severely injured (≥ 35%) roughstalk bluegrass. The rate of transition of mixed roughstalk bluegrass and bermudagrass back to permanent bermudagrass was not affected by any of the PRE herbicides except when oryzalin was applied alone or in combination with benefin or oxyfluorfen.

scholarly journals Effects of close cutting on ground cover and quality of a polystand of Manilagrass and cool season turfgrasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Nicola Grossi ◽  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Turf Quality

Warm season turfgrasses can be grown successfully in the transition zone, but dormancy occurs to some extent during the winter. Overseeding with cool-season turfgrasses is necessary if winter dormancy of warm season turfgrasses is not tolerated. The increasing availability of zoysiagrass cultivars has enabled this genus to be considered suitable for low-maintenance golf courses, especially for golf tees and golf fairways. On the other hand, zoysiagrasses have the most rigid leaves of all turfgrass species, followed by bermudagrasses and by the other warm season turf species. Thus, to have a high mowing quality, mowers working constantly on zoysiagrasses require more sharpening than mowers working on other grasses. Rotary mowers are not suitable for mowing at low heights and often result in scalping, while reel mowers perform optimal mowing at a short height (below 2.5 cm) but require accurate management and frequent sharpening. Autonomous mowers have proven to produce a superior turf quality compared with traditional walk-behind rotary mowers, but no autonomous mower has ever been tested at a low mowing height on an overseeded warm season turfgrass. Because of this, the trial was carried out to simulate a golf tee overseeded with cool season turfgrasses, with low input fertilisation rates and with one of the most difficult turf species to mow; i.e. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. The trial was carried out in San Piero a Grado (Pisa, Italy) from October 2016 to October 2018. After a two-year period the best turf quality was achieved with Festuca rubra L. ssp. cultivars among the overseeded species, especially during fall. In many cases turf quality increased after manila grass green up since the combination of both cool season and warm season species gave a higher quality to the turfgrass, due to the finer leaf texture and higher shoot density of some cool season species. Moreover, recovery of manila grass ground cover was satisficing. In conclusion, a polystand of manila grass and Festuca rubra ssp. could be suitable for golf tees with low-input management.

Influence of Thermo-Ammoniation on Quality of Warm-Season Grass Hay for Steers

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1821-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Gates ◽  
T. J. Klopfenstein ◽  
S. S. Waller ◽  
W. W. Stroup ◽  
R. A. Britton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Grass Hay

Response to Ethofumesate of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) and Overseeded Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) was controlled in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] turf when ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] was applied at 1.1 kg/ha in October and again in November, but not when applied in February and March. A single, October ethofumesate treatment, did not affect spring growth of nonoverseeded bermudagrass, but the growth of selected cultivars was delayed slightly from October + November treatment. Turf growth was severely delayed for all bermudagrass cultivars when ethofumesate treatments were delayed until February and March. The October and November ethofumesate treatments reduced the quality of overseeded perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne(L.) ‘Medalist VI’] slightly, but did not injure it permanently and the turf recovered fully. The transition from ryegrass back to bermudagrass turf was good in the spring regardless of ethofumesate treatment. Even though turf cover was excellent throughout the transition period, bermudagrass cover during June and July was less when ethofumesate was applied in October than when application was delayed until after bermudagrass became dormant.

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