Transition From Overseeded Cool-Season Grass to Warm-Season Grass with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Piedmont Region

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr on pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] treatments in the Piedmont region of Georgia to aid the transition of overseeded cool-season turf to warm-season turf in early spring. Pronamide applied to overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Game’ and ‘Manhattan’) gradually reduced the growth of perennial ryegrass and permitted bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’] to initiate spring growth with little competition. Total turfgrass cover and turf quality ratings in pronamide treated plots were lower than ratings for untreated plots during the transition period. However, the reduction in turf quality and stand was minimal when pronamide was applied March 20 at 0.8 kg/ha. The turf quality and stand was 76 and 88% of the untreated check on April 23 and May 9, respectively, but the turf fully recovered within 2 weeks. The turf quality was higher in plots treated with pronamide on March 20 than in untreated check throughout June. The optimum date of promanide treatment in the Piedmont Region for transition of cool-season grass to warm-season grass was March 20, when compared to applications made on February 28, April 9, or April 29.

Effect of Herbicide Treatments on Overseeded Putting Green Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Untreated Check

Putting green turf containing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist IV’) overseeded on a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’] was treated with single and sequential herbicide treatments during the spring and transition period from cool to warm season grass. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha reduced the quality of putting green turf immediately after treatment in early spring. Turf injury was greater with oxadiazon than with butralin. Two applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha resulted in a lower quality turf with less ryegrass when compared with the untreated check. Methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 1.1 kg/ha severely injured ryegrass and resulted in a lower turf quality.

Ecological and Control Studies of Musk Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Feldman ◽  
M. K. McCarty ◽  
C. J. Scifres
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Thistle Plant

Herbicides applied April 30, May 10, or October 14 gave best control of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.). The most effective herbicide at all dates and rates was 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Two lb/A of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) also was effective at all spring dates. Two lb/A of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) resulted in excellent control of musk thistle when applied May 10 or October 14.More musk thistle seedlings became established in nongrazed, cool season grass pastures than in nongrazed, mixed warm season grass pastures. Greater germination was attributed to the reserve moisture and accumulation of litter which served as an excellent germination medium. However, only one musk thistle plant remained in the nongrazed pastures 1 year after seeding. The remainder of the seedlings and young rosettes found in the protected areas in 1965 had succumbed to the heavy competition by 1966.

scholarly journals Performance and Transition Date of a Turf-type Annual Ryegrass in Comparison to Perennial Ryegrass and Fine Fescues

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R. Nelson ◽  
J. Crowder ◽  
H.B. Pemberton
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Fine Fescue ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has traditionally been used to overseed warm-season grasses in the southern U.S. when warm-season sods are dormant due to chilling temperatures. In this study we investigated overseeding turf-type annual ryegrass (two cultivars of L. multiflorum and one cultivar of L. rigidum) and chewing fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata) as well as perennial ryegrass onto a warm-season common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) sod. The objective was to compare turf quality, turf color, and transition date of turf-type annuals with perennials and other cool-season grasses. Results for turf quality indicated that the annual ryegrass cultivars `Axcella' and `Panterra' (L. multiflorum) compared very well with perennials through March; however, in April and May, perennials were superior for quality. `Hardtop' fine fescue is a hard fescue (F. ovina var. duriuscula). It was inferior to the annuals for turf quality from December to April when the annuals began to die. For turf color, annuals had a lower rating compared to dark green perennials such as `Premier II', `Derby Supreme', or `Allstar'. `Panterra' was darker compared to `Axcella' in March and April. Chewing fescue was intermediate in color compared to annuals and perennials. For turf height, `Axcella' was taller than `Panterra', which were both taller than the perennials, and the fine fescues were shorter than the perennials. For transition in the spring, the annuals had a shorter transition and died about 1 month earlier than the perennials. `Transtar' (L. rigidum) had an earlier transition than the other annuals. The perennials tended to have a longer transition period. The fescues had a very long transition period and were similar to the perennials.

scholarly journals 613 The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 553B-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
Hisakazu Kihara ◽  
Hideaki Tonogi
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Recently, full-green turf on sports fields in the winter is highly desirable. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one successful method to make turf seem green. However, maintenance cost for WOS turf is relatively expensive and brings some difficulties. Undersoil heating (USH) has been used for cool-season grass pitch or warm-season grass pitch to make turf green in winter. Our objectives were 1) to confirm USH effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USH can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality even in severe winter conditions. Weed invasion, pests, and diseases levels are quite low during the test period. The characteristics needed to create the system include heating pipe spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USH needs a plastic cover for insulation that is light and that air and water can penetrate. Compared with WOS, USH can reduce maintenance fees and procedures, such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition into spring. Thus, UHS can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the higher turf quality and lower maintenance cost than WOS. In the future, we should concentrate on creating more concrete maintenance program for this method.

Oxadiazon Treatments on Overseeded Putting-Green Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 to 4.4 kg/ha controlled goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] without injuring bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], but severely injured overseeded common ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. common) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist VI′) for a 5 – to 6-week period after treatment in the spring and thus reduced turf quality. The transition was poor because ryegrass was killed faster than bermudagrass could initiate new spring growth. The combination of bensulide [O, O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] and oxadiazon applied as a single treatment at 6.7 + 1.7 kg/ha controlled goosegrass as effectively as did oxadiazon applied alone at 2.2 kg/ha or higher rates and did not injure the turf, so the transition from cool-season grass to bermudagrass was uniform. Aeration of an overseeded bermudagrass turf after applications of oxadiazon did not significantly decrease goosegrass control.

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

Small mammal use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Ryan L. Klimstra ◽  
Christopher E. Moorman ◽  
Sarah J. Converse ◽  
J. Andrew Royle ◽  
Craig A. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cool Season Grass

scholarly journals The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 521A-521
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Heating ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Pass Through

Recently, full-green turf on the sports fields in a winter period is highly required. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one of the successful methods to make them seem green. However, maintenance cost for winter overseeded turf is relatively expensive, and WOS itself involves some difficulties. On the other hand, under-soil heating (USHS) has been used only for cool-season grass pitch, but for warm-season grass pitch for the purpose to make them full green in a winter term. The objectives of this study are: 1) to confirm USHS's effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USHS can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality, even in a severe winter period. The parameters needed to create the system are obtained. Those includes: heating pipe's spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USHS needs plastic cover for insulation, which light, air and water can pass through. Compared with WOS, this method can reduce maintenance fee and procedures such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition in a spring. Thus, it can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the turf quality higher and maintenance cost can be less than WOS. The future subjects are to assess weed invasion, pests and diseases levels induced by USHS or by excess humidity, and to create a special maintenance program for this method.

scholarly journals Cool-season Turfgrass Response to Bispyribac-Sodium

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1552-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren W. Lycan ◽  
Stephen E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Fine Fescue

Previous research has demonstrated that bispyribac-sodium can selectively control established annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Annual bluegrass is also a problematic weed in other cool-season turfgrass species. However, the relative tolerance of other cool-season turfgrass species to bispyribac is not known. Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, N.J., in 2002 and 2003 to gain understanding of the phytotoxic effects that bispyribac may have on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (L.) Schreb.), and chewings fine fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.). Single applications of bispyribac at 37 to 296 g·ha–1 were applied to mature stands of each species on 11 June, 2002 and 10 June, 2003. Visual injury was evaluated and clippings were collected 35 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Visual injury at 35 DAT increased as bispyribac rate increased. Kentucky bluegrass was least tolerant to bispyribac with up to 28% injury when applied at 296 g·ha–1. Injury on other species did not exceed 20%. Initial injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue was primarily in the form of chlorosis, while kentucky bluegrass exhibited more severe stunting and thinning symptoms. Bispyribac at rates from 74 to 296 g·ha–1 reduced kentucky bluegrass clipping weights by 19% to 35%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control at 35 DAT in 2002. Initial visual injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue dissipated to ≤5% by 70 DAT. However, recovery of kentucky bluegrass was less complete. These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium has potential to severely injure kentucky bluegrass. Injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue appears to be less severe and persistent; therefore, bispyribac can be used for weed control in these species. Chemical names used: 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium).

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