Factors Affecting Johnsongrass Rhizome Production and Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Rhizome Buds

Approximately 80% of the johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) rhizomes produced in clay soil were in the top 7.5 cm, but 80% of the rhizomes in sandy loam occurred in the top 12.5 cm. Distribution of rhizomes within the top 20 cm of soil was more uniform in sandy loam than in clay; yet, 5% of the rhizomes produced in clay occurred deeper than 20 cm, but only 1% of the rhizomes in sandy loam occurred deeper than 20 cm. Incorporation ofa,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-/7-toluidine (trifluralin) in soil at 0.84 kg/ha reduced rhizome production approximately 50% throughout the soil profile but reduced rhizome production most in the top 6 cm. More plants emerged from rhizomes when planted in sandy loam than in clay. More plants emerged from short rhizomes (76 mm) than from long rhizomes (152 mm) when planted at depths to 7.6 cm, but the opposite trend was obtained when rhizomes were planted deeper. Percentage germination of rhizome buds increased as rhizomes were cut into smaller pieces. Exposure of rhizomes to temperatures of 50 to 60 C killed buds within 1 to 3 days. Rhizomes usually survived temperatures of −3 to −5 C for only a few hours.

Johnsongrass Control in Soybeans with Soil-Incorporated Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Immediate Incorporation ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using several dinitroaniline herbicides for the selective control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] from seed and rhizomes in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’]. The herbicides were incorporated into the soil with two disk cultivations immediately after application. These were trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α,-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) at 0.4 to 1.5 kg/ha, fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline] at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, profluralin [N-(cyclopropyl-methyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] at 0.8 to 3.4 kg/ha, butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 1.7 to 6.7 kg/ha, AC-92390 (N-sec-butyl-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine) at 0.8 to 3.4 kg/ha, and AN-56477 [N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline] at 2.2 to 4.5 kg/ha. On Bosket sandy loam soil, the best average johnsongrass control over a 2-yr period was obtained following profluralin at 1.7 kg/ha and butralin at 3.4 kg/ha. These treatments also resulted in highest average soybean yields. On Sharkey clay soil, profluralin at 3.4 kg/ha and butralin at 6.7 kg/ha resulted in maximum johnsongrass control and soybean yields. Immediate incorporation of profluralin and butralin into both soils for 2 successive years effectively controlled johnsongrass from rhizomes without soybean injury and with greatly increased soybean yields. Trifluralin, nitralin, and fluchloralin also provided acceptable johnsongrass control within individual experiments, and greatly increased soybean yields.

The effect of tillage and KCl addition on pH, conductance, NO3-N, P, K and Cl distribution in the soil profile

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Distribution of NO3, P, K, Cl, pH and conductance through the soil profile were measured on two soil types after 4 yr of crop production using zero tillage (ZT) or conventional tillage (CT), with or without addition of KCl. All plots received N and P fertilizer each year as banded applications. Surface concentrations of NO3-N were higher under ZT than CT, particularly on the fine sandy loam soil. Accumulation of NO3-N also occurred in the 60- to 120-cm zone, under both tillage systems in both soils. Carryover of NO3-N was substantially greater on the silty clay than the fine sandy loam soil. Phosphate accumulated at the depth of band application in both soils under both tillage systems. Potassium concentration was generally higher under ZT than CT in the surface 15 cm of both soils, presumably due to surface retention of K from fertilizer applications and crop residues. Chloride was higher under ZT than CT in the surface 5 cm of both soils, but was higher under CT than ZT in the 30- to 60-cm and 60- to 120-cm depths in the silty clay soil, if KCl had been applied. The pH on both soils under both tillage systems was reduced in the 10- to 12.5-cm soil depth, corresponding to the zone of fertilizer application. On the silty clay soil, pH was higher under ZT than CT in the 10- to 15-cm depth and tended to be higher under ZT than CT at all depths below 15 cm. Conductance was not influenced by tillage in either soil. Application of KCl increased K and Cl concentrations in the surface 15 cm on both soils. Concentration of Cl was increased to 120 cm in both soils, indicating the mobility and leaching potential of this anion. Conductance and pH were increased in the 2.5- to 5.0-cm and 10- to 12.5-cm depths by KCl application in the fine sandy loam soil, but on the silty clay soil, only conductance was increased. Key words: Zero tillage, nutrient stratification, pH stratification

Simulation of non-stationary thermal fields from a buried thermally insulated pipeline and its diagnostics

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
N.A. Vaganova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Underground Pipeline ◽  
Main Pipeline ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Thermal Imaging Equipment ◽  
Principal Possibility ◽  
Significant Factors

To detect damage to the underground pipeline, a mathematical model, allowing to take into account the most significant Factors affecting the distribution of temperature on the day surface. To implement this model, a software package has been developed and results of numerical calculations. With the help of these calculations, in particular, It is established that modern thermal imaging equipment has a principal possibility to determine an unauthorized frame in the main pipeline at a depth of two meters in clay soil.

scholarly journals Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ruihuan She ◽  
Yongxiang Yu ◽  
Chaorong Ge ◽  
Huaiying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.

Factors Affecting Winter Survival of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Rhizomes

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hartzler ◽  
Art Gover ◽  
Joanne Stellingwerf
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rhizome Biomass ◽  
Depth Of Burial

There were no differences in johnsongrass rhizome winter survival at central and southeastern locations in Pennsylvania in 1988 or 1989. At a 6-cm depth of burial, survival rates of 5 and 25% were found for rhizome segments 7.5 and 15.0 cm in length, respectively. Survival rates for rhizomes buried 25 cm averaged 86%, with no difference in survival between rhizome lengths. The majority of rhizome biomass produced by the biotype used in these studies was found at soil depths allowing a high percentage of survival.

scholarly journals Comparison of three measurement methods of saturated hydraulic condutivity

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fallico ◽  
E. Migliari ◽  
S. Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Constant Head ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract. After pointing out the importance of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) measurements and the difficulties and uncertainties that are present, and after recalling salient aspects of three well-known measurement methods of this parameter (i.e. constant-head tension infiltrometer (TI) method, constant-head pressure infiltrometer (PI) method and soil core (SC) estimates method), the results of an investigation on data which were obtained during a measurement campaign on an area of 800 m2, on a sandy loam hillslope, located in Southern Italy, were carried out again here. Three sets of values of ks, obtained with these measurement methods, were analyzed statistically, verifying that the log-normal distribution describes these better than the normal one; moreover, the more significant statistical parameters of each set were compared (average value , amplitude A, coefficient of variation CV and standard deviation SD), individualizing the more significant differences. The greatest value of hydraulic conductivity was found with method (PI), while the smallest with (SC) and the intermediate with (TI); these differences were translated into macroporosity and into the influence of the single measurement method. Moreover, referring to the possible factors affecting the results, the importance can be noted of the structure, the texture and the soil events, in terms of utilization, which can affect the measure of ks leading often to very different values even for similar soils, but with a different history, independently of the coincidence of the measurement points and they can be determining to explain the differences affecting the results obtained in analogous investigations by other researchers. Having confirmed that generalization is not possible, the need was emphasized to adopt the necessary devices relating to the specific measurement method, case by case, and to carefully explain the obtained results, in the light of the peculiarities and the limits of each situation. Finally, the results of similar statistical analysis carried out on a greater number of ks values, measured through the (TI) and (PI) methods are shown in this paper, with some statistical considerations on the increasing of the measurements number.

Effects of water stress and soil type on photosynthesis, leaf water potential and yield of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali Sfax)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ben Rouina ◽  
A. Trigui ◽  
R. d'Andria ◽  
M. Boukhris ◽  
M. Chaïeb
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Olive Trees

In Tunisia, olives are grown under severe rain-fed, arid conditions. To determine the behaviour of olive trees (cv. Chemlali Sfax) during the severe drought affecting Tunisian arid areas in 2002, a range of physiological parameters were investigated in three adjacent orchards. Two olive orchards were rain-fed, one located on a sandy soil, and the other on a sandy-loam clay soil. A third orchard was also located on sandy soil, but received remedial irrigation (415 mm of water per year; ~40% of olive evapotranspiration). Predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) did not fall below –1.52 MPa for irrigated olive trees. However, a large decrease in Ψpd was observed for rain-fed olive trees in the same period with Ψpd measured at about –3.2 MPa on sandy soil and –3.6 MPa on sandy-loam clay soil. At the same time, the minimal leaf water potential recorded at midday (Ψmin) decreased to –4.15 MPa and –4.71 MPa in the rain-fed trees for sandy and sandy-loam clay soil, respectively. For irrigated trees, the Ψmin was –1.95 MPa. These results were associated with relative water content, which varied from 80% for irrigated trees to 54 and 43.6%, respectively, for rain-fed trees and trees subjected to severe drought. In August, when the relative water content values were less than 50%, a progressive desiccation in the outer layer of canopy and death of terminal shoots were observed in trees, which grew on the sandy-loam clay soil. Furthermore, low soil water availability also affected (negatively) the net photosynthetic rate in rain-fed orchards (10.3 µmol/m2.s for irrigated trees v. 5.3 µmol/m2.s in rain-fed trees on sandy soil) and stomatal conductance (98.5 mmol/m2.s v. 69.3 mmol/m2.s). However, it improved water use efficiency (7.6 v. 4.7 µmol CO2/mmol H2O), which increased by more than 50% in both groups of rain-fed trees compared with the irrigated ones. We can conclude that olive trees respond to drought by showing significant changes in their physiological and biological mechanisms. These results also help our understanding of how olive trees cope with water stress in the field and how marginal soils can restrict growth and lower yields.

scholarly journals Technical efficiency of wheat growers in some selected sites of Dinajpur District of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kamruzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Hedayetul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
High Level ◽  
Late Sowing

The present study was undertaken to find out the technical efficiency and factors affecting inefficiency of wheat production in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 01 July to 30 September 2004. The range of technical efficiency varies from 40% to 99% and the average was 70.33%. Farmers with optimum sowing and optimum harvest were technically more efficient than the farmers with late sowing. In all farms technical efficiency was much higher for the farmers who use sandy loam soil for wheat production than the farmers who did not use sandy loam soil. There was a positive relationship between the educational level and technical efficiency of wheat practicing farmers. The farmers who contacted frequently with extension workers were technically more efficient than who contacted less with extension workers. Therefore, maintaining of optimum sowing and harvesting time, use of sandy loam soil, high level of farming experience and education are important factors for obtaining maximum achievable yield. Key Words: Technical efficiency, wheat growers, optimum sowing and harvest. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1595 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 363-373, September 2008

MINERALOGY OF CHAMPLAIN SEA SEDIMENTS AND A RIDEAU CLAY SOIL PROFILE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
L. M. Patry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Textured Materials ◽  
Marine Clays ◽  
Mineral Constituents

Marine clays and silts of the Champlain Sea, or "Leda clays", from several locations in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Valleys, and a Rideau Clay soil profile developed on this material have been examined. Although the textures of the marine sediments varied, there was a remarkable similarity in the nature of the mineral constituents of the sands, silts and clays; feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas, and chlorites occurred in all size fractions. In addition, the clay fractions contained small amounts of montmorillonite and interstratified illite-montmorillonite. All but two of the marine samples were slightly calcareous and, in general, the coarser textured materials contained the highest carbonate content. The main source of the deposits is believed to be the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield, and there is very little evidence of weathering before, during and since deposition.The Rideau Clay is a moderately well-drained regosolic soil with very little difference in exchangeable cations or mineral composition with depth. The occurrence of illuviation could not be shown conclusively because of apparent depositional differences. The Rideau Clay differed from the marine materials in having no carbonates, in being slightly acid throughout, and in having a greater amount and a different type of interstratified clay minerals.

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