Selectivity of Pyriclor on Witchweed, Tobacco, and Other Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Jim E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Over The Top

Postemergence directed application of 0.56 kg/ha of 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) gave control of witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) equivalent to 2.24 kg/ha of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) without injuring corn (Zea mays L.). Pyriclor applied to the soil surface or incorporated did not significantly injure tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at rates of 2.24 kg/ha and less. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was not injured by pyriclor incorporated in soil at 0.56 kg/ha; Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was slightly injured. Treatment with 0.56 kg/ha of pyriclor applied in the same manner killed six crop species and four weed species also included in the experiment. In 2 years of field experiments, application of pyriclor at 0.21 and 0.63 kg/ha to soil before transplanting, or these rates applied over the top of tobacco after transplanting, controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) until maturity of the tobacco, and did not significantly reduce yield or cause permanent injury to the crop.

Dissipation and Water Activation of UCC-C4243

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Wright ◽  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
E. Patrick Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Water Activation ◽  
Herbicide Activity

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to determine the timing and amount of rainfall required to activate UCC-C4243 applied preemergence. UCC-C4243 at 0, 70, and 140 g ai ha−1was applied 1, 7, 14, and 21 d before 0.5 or 2 cm of simulated rainfall. Temporary rainshelters protected field plots from natural rainfall during the 21 d dry period. Herbicide activity was determined in the field by seeding lentil, wheat, common lambsquarters, and field pennycress and in the greenhouse by a sugarbeet bioassay of soil samples (0 to 3 cm depth) taken from all plots immediately before irrigation. UCC-C4243 did not injure wheat; however, lentil population was reduced when simulated rainfall occurred within 7 d after application. Lentil injury was greater with higher herbicide rate and higher water level. UCC-C4243 at 70 and 140 g ha−1reduced populations of both weed species by 75 and 90%, respectively, when either 0.5 or 2 cm simulated rainfall was received within 1 d after herbicide application. Weed control was reduced with a 21 d delay between herbicide application and water activation. The sugarbeet bioassay showed a linear decrease of herbicide activity over time and also with accumulated photosynthetically active radiation. After 17.9 d, herbicide activity on a dry soil surface decreased 50%. Laboratory investigations show that [14C]-UCC-C4243 on glass slides was photodegraded by near ultraviolet light (290 to 400 nm). Volatilization of14C-labeled herbicide from glass slides was less than 5% after exposure to turbulent air for 48 h.

Persistence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in Chaparral Vegetation and Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Radosevich ◽  
W.L. Winterlin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Sample Zone ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Adenostoma Fasciculatum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The persistence of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was studied in the chaparral environment. Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatumH. & A.), grass and forbs, soil surface litter, and soil were sampled for up to 360 days after herbicide (4.5 kg/ha) application. Over 50% of the 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T recovered was found on soil surface litter while 18 to 31% was found on vegetation. Much less herbicide (0.1 to 0.2%) was found in soil (0 to 5 cm) than in foliage or litter. No herbicide residues were found below the 0 to 5 cm soil sample zone. Herbicide residues on foliage and litter decreased rapidly (up to 93%) within 30 days after application but remained constant thereafter until winter rainfall began. Residues of both herbicides were evident in chamise foliage (0.01 to 0.02%), surface litter (0.01 to 0.03%), and soil (0.01%) up to 360 days after application.

Breakdown and Movement of 2,4-D in the Soil Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilson ◽  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The fate of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in the soil under winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Nugaines’) and fallow cropping schemes was studied under the field conditions of eastern Washington in 1973 and 1974 using formulated dimethylamine salt and isooctyl ester of 2,4-D. Soil samples taken 1 hour after herbicide application showed that amine-treated plots retained considerably more applied 2,4-D than ester-treated plots. The rapidity of 2,4-D breakdown decreased gradually with time, and at the end of 6 months, an average of 0.04 ppm of 2,4-D remained in the sampled soil profile regardless of formulation, application rate, or cropping scheme. Loss of 2,4-D from the soil surface in runoff occurred when the plots were irrigated heavily one day after the herbicide application. The herbicide was also leached into the soil profile by both irrigation and natural precipitation. Herbicide concentrations in the sampled portion of the upper soil profile decreased during the summer and then increased slightly in the fall.

Response of Weeds in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf to Tank-Mixed Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Tank mixtures of herbicides for control of emerged winter weeds and preemergence control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] were evaluated on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common’ # CYNDA] fairways over a 2-yr period. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha in tank mixtures with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthate) at 11 kg ai/ha controlled a higher percentage of parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcarpaBoiss. Reut. # APHMI) than either herbicide alone. When applied for spur weed (Solivaspp.) control, DCPA was antagonistic in the tank mixture with simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-txiazine]. During one yr of the 2-yr study period, control of large crabgrass was less in plots treated with combination of DCPA and glyphosate than in plots treated with DCPA alone. Less large crabgrass control was obtained in plots treated with bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] at 11 kg ai/ha in combinations with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid} plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) than when treated only with bensulide.

Interaction of Fluometuron and MSMA with Sethoxydim and Fluazifop

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Byrd ◽  
Alan C. York
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Monosodium Salt ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Methylarsonic Acid ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mixing fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] urea} or MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) with sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} or the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanic acid} on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) tolerance and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] control. Postemergence (over-the-top) application of 1.7 kg ai/ha of fluometuron reduced cotton lint yield 17 to 23% in three of four tests. No yield reduction resulted from postemergence application of 1.1 kg ae/ha of MSMA. Tank-mixing 0.1 or 0.2 kg ai/ha of sethoxydim or 0.1 or 0.2 kg ae/ha of fluazifop with fluometuron or MSMA did not alter the effect of fluometuron or MSMA on cotton yield. Tank mixtures of 1.1 to 2.2 kg/ha of fluometuron plus sethoxydim or fluazifop were antagonistic. No antagonism was observed when fluometuron was applied 3 days before or 6 h following sethoxydim or fluazifop application. Tank-mixing 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha of MSMA with sethoxydim or fluazifop initially reduced control of large crabgrass. Antagonism was not observed at 4 weeks after tank-mix application of MSMA plus sethoxydim, and was observed in only one of three experiments 4 weeks following tank-mix application of MSMA plus fluazifop. When antagonism was observed with tank mixtures of fluazifop plus MSMA, sequential application of MSMA 1 to 7 days before application of fluazifop did not overcome the antagonism. No antagonism occurred when MSMA was applied 6 or more hours after fluazifop application.

EFFECTS OF RAPESEED OIL AS AN ADDITIVE WITH CERTAIN HERBICIDE TREATMENTS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
NORMAN H. WARRINGTON ◽  
WM. G. CORNS
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Triton X

Various herbicides were sprayed alone and with unrefined oil from rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) mainly at 10% concentration in the spray solution. Triton X-363 M non-ionic emulsifier (5% vol/vol) was mixed with the oil before addition to the herbicide solution. Emulsified oil alone was not toxic to the species of crops and weeds examined in growth chamber and field experiments. In the growth chamber and greenhouse, oil added to chloroxuron (3-(p(p-chlorophenoxy) phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea greatly increased its toxicity to green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) and to faba beans (Vicia faba L.). In field experiments, action of dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) and TCA (trichloroacetic acid) on green foxtail was not appreciably increased by oil addition. The emulsifier, but not the oil, increased barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) toxicity to wild oats (Avena fatua L.) without injuring barley or rape. Added oil increased the toxicity of benazolin (4-chloro-2-oxo-3-benzothiazoline acetic acid) to cleavers (Galium aparine L.) without significant injury to rape. Oil with niclofen (2, 4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether) lessened its toxicity to Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.). Oil with 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid) and MCPA [((4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy) acetic acid] dimethylamines increased control of Tartary buckwheat in wheat and oats, respectively, without crop injury. In the growth chamber, MCPA plus oil was more effective against hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) than MCPA alone.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF COVER CROPS FOR WEED CONTROL BETWEEN PLASTIC MULCH IN PEPPERS (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 257E-257
Author(s):  
Francis X. Mangan ◽  
Mary Jane Else ◽  
Stephen J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Crop Species

Field research was conducted in Deerfield, Mass. to study the effects of different cover crop species seeded between plastic mulch on weed pressure and pepper yield. A complete fertilizer was applied before plastic was laid on Sept. 13, 1991. Two cover crop treatments were seeded Sept. 13, 1991: white clover (Trifolium repens) alone and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in combination with winter rye (Secale cereale). On May 27, 1992 the vetch and rye were mow-killed with the biomass left on the soil surface. Annual rye (Lolium multiflorum) was then seeded on the same day as the third cover crop treatment. The remaining two treatments were a weedy check and a hand-weeded check. Peppers were transplanted into the plastic on May 31. Both the annual rye and clover were mowed three times over the course of the experiment with the biomass left between the plastic mulch. The white clover and annual rye were much more competitive with weed species than the dead mulch of vetch and rye. The three cover crop treatments had pepper yields that were severely depressed compared to the hand-weeded treatment. Among the three cover crop treatments, only the annual rye yielded more peppers than the weedy check.

scholarly journals Rose (Rosa dilecta) Response to Simulated Herbicide Drift

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Robert Parker ◽  
E. Patrick Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Drift ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Significant Injury

This study evaluated the response of rose to different herbicides applied as simulated drift. Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide}, thifensulfuron {3[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid}, bromoxynil(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], and a combination of 2,4-D and glyphosate were applied over the top of established rose plants at 1/3, 1/10,1/33, and 1/100 of the maximum labeled rate for grains. All herbicides injured rose. The greatest injury was from chlorsulfuron and 2,4-D, and the least injury was from bromoxynil and glyphosate. Plants recovered from the injury caused by all treatments except for the highest rates of chlorsulfuron and 2,4-D, which continued to show significant injury at the end of the growing season. Although all herbicides had characteristic symptoms, some of these were very similar to those caused by other stresses. Therefore, because of the potential ambiguity of visual symptoms, any allegation about herbicide drift should be based on a report of all symptoms and should be supported by residue analysis.

Influence of Picloram Alone or Plus 2,4-D on Control of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) with Four Postemergence Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ashley O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr to determine the influence of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and a commercial mixture of picloram plus 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (1:16, w/w) on control of wild oats (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) with four postemergence herbicides. The phytotoxicity to wild oats of barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) or difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) in 1981 and diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic acid} or flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] in 1981 and 1982 was reduced when these herbicides were applied in a mixture with picloram plus 2,4-D. Consequently, the use of these mixtures for broad-spectrum weed control in one spray operation is not recommended. Picloram applied at a rate equivalent to the amount present in the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture did not influence the control of wild oats obtained with any herbicide, indicating that the antagonism was due to the 2,4-D component of the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture.

Differential response of 14 weed species to seven herbicides in two plant communities

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tomkins ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Fragaria Virginiana ◽  
Vicia Cracca ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The responses of 14 weed species to seven different herbicides were compared. The species included five monocots: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Agrostis alba L., Carex gracilescens Mack., Phleum pratense L., and Poa pratensis L.; and nine dicots: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster cordifolius L., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Oxalis europaea Jord., Pastinaca sativa L., Solidago canadensis L., S. nemoralis Ait., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Vicia cracca L. A principal component analysis revealed that species responses to four auxin herbicides ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), picloram, picloram + 2,4-D, and 2,4-D + (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T)) were very similar, although picloram was more effective in eliminating Aster cordifolius, Fragaria virginiana, Solidago nemoralis, and Vicia cracca. Auxin response differed markedly between monocots and dicots, whereas life-form was important in determining the response of the species to paraquat, simazine, and diuron treatments. Response to herbicide treatment was similar in both pioneer and mature old-field communities. However, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis were susceptible to all auxin treatments in the pioneer community but were resistant to the same treatments in mature fields.

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