Anatomy of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Wills ◽  
R. E. Hoagland ◽  
R. N. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Basal Bulb ◽  
Anatomical Arrangement ◽  
Pass Through

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) develops as a series of shoots, bulbs, and tubers connected by rhizomes. The leaves contain parallel, collateral vascular bundles with the majority of the chlorophyll-containing cells concentrated in two sheathing girdles around each bundle. The upper leaf surface consists of a single layer of large epidermal cells covered by a thick cuticle. Stomates occur primarily in the lower surface. The vascular bundles are collateral in the leaves and amphivasal in the rhizome, changing their anatomical arrangement as they pass through the basal bulb. Newly developing rhizomes and tubers are white and fleshy with a parenchymatous epidermis and cortex. Mature rhizomes are brown and wiry with a deteriorated outer cortex and a lignified inner cortex and endodermis. Tubers and bulbs form similarly at the rhizome apices with the tubers accumulating starch. The rhizome vascular system remains intact throughout the growing season.

Anatomy of Purple Nutsedge

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Wills ◽  
George Ann Briscoe
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Photosynthetic Cells

Purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus L.)develops as a series of shoots connected by bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers. The leaves contain parallel, collateral vascular bundles with the majority of the photosynthetic cells concentrated in the sheathing girdle around each bundle. The upper leaf surface consists of a single layer of large epidermal cells covered by a thick cuticle. Stomates occur only in the lower surface. The vascular bundles vary from collateral to amphivasal as they pass from the leaves through the bulb into the rhizomes and tubers. Newly developing rhizomes and tubers appear white and fleshy with a parenchymatous epidermis and cortex. Mature rhizomes appear brown and wiry with a deteriorated outer cortex and a lignified inner cortext and endodermis. Tubers and bulbs form similarly at the rhizome apices with each accumulating starch. The interconnecting vascular system appears to remain intact throughout the growing season.

The Effects of Light and Temperature on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Basal-Bulb Formation

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
Joseph T. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Bulb Formation ◽  
Basal Bulb ◽  
Alternating Temperature

Investigations were conducted to determine whether light, temperature, or their interaction stimulated primary basal-bulb formation on underground stems of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) seedlings grown from tubers. Basal-bulb formation results when internodes shorten and leaves lengthen. When seedlings were grown without medium around the underground shoots, a temperature alternation of 10C stimulated basal-bulb formation; light did not affect the process. When seedlings were grown with medium around the underground shoots, either light or alternating temperature stimulated basal-bulb formation. Nine colors of light gave the same stimulus as white (fluorescent) light. Phytochrome did not appear to be the photoreceptor for the stimulus, as both red and far-red light responses were identical to that of white light.

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) interference in simulated sweetpotato plant beds

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Meyers ◽  
T. Casey Barickman ◽  
Jeffrey L. Main ◽  
Thomas Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Masonry Sand

AbstractGreenhouse experiments were conducted in 2016 at Pontotoc and Verona, MS. On March 3 (Pontotoc) and March 7 (Verona), landscape fabric was placed in the bottom of polyethylene lugs, each 0.22 m2, then approximately 5 cm of a 1:1 (v/v) blend of soilless potting media and masonry sand was added. ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L). Lam.] storage roots weighing between 85 and 227 g, and several with emerging sprouts ≤1 cm, were placed longitudinally in a single layer on the substrate, then covered with an additional 3 cm of the substrate. Sprouted yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers were transplanted equidistantly into sweetpotato-containing lugs at six densities: 0, 18, 36, 73, 109, and 145 m−2. Trials were terminated 55 and 60 d after planting at Pontotoc and Verona, respectively. Predicted total sweetpotato stem cuttings (slips) decreased linearly from 399 to 312 m−2 as C. esculentus density increased from 0 to 145 m−2. Predicted total slip dry weight at a C. esculentus density of 145 m−2 was reduced 21% compared with 0 m−2. Predicted rotten sweetpotato storage roots increased from 2.6 to 11.3 m−2 as C. esculentus density increased from 0 to 145 m−2. In response to increasing C. esculentus density, sweetpotato seed roots exhibited increased proximal-end dominance.

Yellow Nutsedge Tuber Germination and Seedling Development

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
D. P. Nema ◽  
V. M. Bhan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Basal Bulb

Upon germination, one or more rhizomes grew from the apical end of each yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) tuber. Each rhizome developed a basal bulb upon exposure to light. No significant differences in germination percentages existed between four lots of tubers which differed about fivefold in weight. The weight of plant material produced correlated significantly with the fresh weight of the tuber from which it emanated. When tubers germinated three successive times, over 60% of the tuber dry weight, carbohydrate, oil, starch, and protein were consumed during the first germination; but less than 10% of these constituents were uitlized during each of the next two germinations. Plants weighed significantly more after 43 and 91 days of growth with tubers attached throughout the period than when tubers were detached after emergence.

Morphology and Photoperiodic Responses of Yellow Nutsedge

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Basal Bulb

Young vegetative clones of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) were propagated by subdivision of older clones and then grown 6 months under photoperiods of 8 to 24 hr. Early stages of development of basal bulbs, tubers, and flowering structures were characterized in terms of apical meristem activity and differentiation of various foliar appendages: cladophylls, prophylls, leaf primordia, foliar tube development, and involucral leaves. Ramification of the axial stem system was interpreted as a repeating phylogenetic sequence:viz., undifferentiated axial meristem (from basal bulb) å primitive stem (rhizome) å advanced stem (new basal bulb). New photosynthetic leaves differentiated every 4.5 to 5 days, and each exhibited a sigmoid pattern of growth for 24 to 40 days. As photoperiods increased from 14 to 24 hr, certain active vegetative processes—total peripheral shoot development, rhizome proliferation, and rate of higher order shooting—were progressively promoted. The rate of differentiation of indeterminate rhizome tips into basal bulbs (new shoots) was maximum at 16 hr and into tubers at 8 to 12 hr. Delayed tuberization, however, occurred even at the longest photoperiod. Flowering occurred only at photoperiods of 12 and 14 hr. Active vegetative processes were competitive with tuberization, and flowering was competitive with both active and dormant vegetative development.

Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tuber Formation ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Dormant Tuber ◽  
Basal Bulb

Abstract The basal bulb and tubers are the organs for vegetative propagation of C. esculentus, as well as the short-lived rhizomes, which extend for 5-30 cm, or sometimes further, before turning up and forming a further shoot and basal bulb, or a dormant tuber. The rhizomes occasionally branch, but have no viable buds at their nodes, and they decay at the end of the growing season. The number of rhiozomes is unaffected by photoperiod but tuber formation is promoted in short photoperiods (Holm et al., 1977). In the southern USA, only new shoots and basal bulbs are formed at day lengths over 14 hours, whereas all rhizomes terminate in tubers as soon as days are shorter than 14 hours (Jansen, 1971).

The continuity of primary and secondary growth in Cordyline terminalis (Agavaceae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1907-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darleen A. DeMason ◽  
Mark. A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Central Cylinder ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Azure B ◽  
Secondary Thickening ◽  
Radial Extent ◽  
Secondary Tissue ◽  
Wide Zone

The primary thickening meristem in Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth was found to be continuous with the secondary thickening meristem in vegetative shoots. This could be seen in longitudinal and transverse sections stained with azure B, aniline blue–black, or safranin and fast green. The primary thickening meristem was a wide zone in the crown, and initial cells were arranged in anticlinal files which were continuous from an area within the central cylinder to the outer cortex. The secondary thickening meristem was narrow in radial extent and consisted of initial cells which were arranged in short, anticlinal files. When vascular bundles were followed (and plotted) acropetally from serial transverse sections starting with groups of anastomosing secondary bundles, secondary bundles were continuous with both major and minor axial primary bundles or with procambial strands. All bundles were collateral in the crown but became amphivasal in the intermediate region of the central cylinder and remained so in the secondary tissue. Procambial strands ran along or within the thickening meristem at all levels of the stem. These observations lead us to believe that in Cordyline terminalis (i) the primary and secondary thickening meristems function as a single entity and (ii) the primary and secondary bundles describe a single, continuus vascular system.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Competitive Nature

Field studies were conducted from 1986 through 1988 to evaluate various herbicides for yellow nutsedge control and peanut yields. Three applications of pyridate provided control comparable to two applications of bentazon with yellow nutsedge regrowth beginning 3 to 4 wk after application depending on moisture conditions. Crop oil concentrate did not improve the activity of pyridate. Flurtamone provided control comparable with that of metolachlor. Nutsedge control with fomesafen was erratic with peanut injury noted. Peanut yields did not reflect the competitive nature of nutsedge.

Tuber composition in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus (L.)) variants

Weed Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. MATTHIESEN ◽  
E.W. STOLLER
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tuber Composition

The hydraulics of two flowing layers with different densities

1986 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 27-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Armi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Jumps ◽  
Flow Configurations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Bottom Depth ◽  
Downstream Flow ◽  
Energy Equations ◽  
Simple Flow

This is a theoretical and experimental study of the basic hydraulics of two flowing layers. Unlike single-layer flows, two-layer flows respond quite differently to bottom depth as opposed to width variations. Bottom-depth changes affect the lower layer directly and the upper layer only indirectly. Changes in width can affect both layers. In fact for flows through a contraction control two distinct flow configurations are possible; which one actually occurs depends on the requirements of matching a downstream flow. Two-layer flows can pass through internally critical conditions at other than the narrowest section. When the two layers are flowing in the same direction, the result is a strong coupling between the two layers in the neighbourhood of the control. For contractions a particularly simple flow then exists upstream in which there is no longer any significant interfacial dynamics; downstream in the divergent section the flow remains internally supercritical, causing one of the layers to be rapidly accelerated with a resulting instability at the interface. A brief discussion of internal hydraulic jumps based upon the energy equations as opposed to the more traditional momentum equations is included. Previous uniqueness problems are thereby avoided.

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