Anatomical Structure of Polygonatum Mill. Species in the Precarpathian Region

Polygonatum Mill. species are found in woods of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. There are four species growing in Ukraine, the most common of which is Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. In forest and shrub habitats are also widespread Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce., Polygonatum latifolium Desf. and Polygonatum verticillаtum (L.) All. Polygonatum species have rhizomes of the sympodial type. They are of a primary anatomical structure. In the primary growth of the stem, as well as rhizomes, there is the central cylinder (stele) and the cortex. The structure of the leaf blade is related to the performance of basic functions: photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration. The leaves are isolateral with a lighter adaxial and shaded abaxial sides. The leaf is covered with epidermis. Beneath the epidermis is chlorenchyma, which makes up the leaf pulp - mesophyll. The microscopic structure of Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. was studied. The anatomic description includes the characteristic of rhizomes, leaves and stems structure.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of needles in seedlings and vegetative progeny of different ages from mutational witches’ brooms of Pinus sibirica Du Tour

The study was carried out using three objects: 1) clones of the mutational witches’ brooms and the normal crown grafted together on the same rootstock; 2) mutant seedlings of the witches’ brooms; 3) clones of the witches’ brooms mutant seedlings. It was shown that the morphological and anatomical needle characteristics are affected as by the presence and the expression of the mutation, as well as the age of the maternal tree and the presence of a rootstock. Each factor and the interaction of some factors makes a significant contribution to the differences between the groups in the main needle characteristics. The mutant seedlings and their clones formed the shortest needles; they also had smaller areas of the central cylinder, resin ducts, mesophyll and vascular cylinder. Morphological and anatomical needle traits varied between the families, the needle length was a rather conservative trait in the families. Some differences between the groups from different families of witches’ brooms were due to the natural diversity of the maternal witches’ brooms.

Internalization of miPEP165a into Arabidopsis Roots Depends on both Passive Diffusion and Endocytosis-Associated Processes

MiPEPs are short natural peptides encoded by microRNAs in plants. Exogenous application of miPEPs increases the expression of their corresponding miRNA and, consequently, induces consistent phenotypical changes. Therefore, miPEPs carry huge potential in agronomy as gene regulators that do not require genome manipulation. However, to this end, it is necessary to know their mode of action, including where they act and how they enter the plants. Here, after analyzing the effect of Arabidopsis thaliana miPEP165a on root and aerial part development, we followed the internalization of fluorescent-labelled miPEP165a into roots and compared its uptake into endocytosis-altered mutants to that observed in wild-type plants treated or not with endocytosis inhibitors. The results show that entry of miPEP165a involves both a passive diffusion at the root apex and endocytosis-associated internalization in the differentiation and mature zones. Moreover, miPEP165a is unable to enter the central cylinder and does not migrate from the roots to the aerial part of the plant, suggesting that miPEPs have no systemic effect.

SHOOT ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE JUNIPERUS POLYCARPOS C. KOCH IN FOOTHILL DAGESTAN

Identification of the species J. excelsa L. and J. polycarpos C. Koch is problematic and requires addition-al research. This article is devoted to the description and quantification of the anatomical features of the shoots of J. polycarpos, which grows in the conditions of Piedmont Dagestan to solve taxonomic issues. Methods Model shoots (1-3 year old) J. polycarpos was collected from the north side of the crowns at a level of 1.5 m from the ground to study the anatomical structure, fixing, preparing temporary microprepa-rations and describing the main structural elements of shoot tissues was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. Results. The anatomical structure of young shoots of J. polycarpos is de-scribed for the first time in order to identify taxon-specific and adaptive characters when studying the ana-tomical structure of the stem of J. excelsa and other populations of J. polycarpos. Their quantitative as-sessment is given, characteristic anatomical features are identified depending on the age and shape of the shoot. Conclusion The specific features of their morphology can be considered the presence of two types of shoots (two-bladed and three-bladed); anatomy - the presence in the parenchyma of leaf pillows in two-bladed shoots of a large number of stony cells, as well as structural features of the central cylinder; the presence and quantity of oil cells. Identified characters can be used for comparative anatomical identifica-tion of species of the genus Juniperus.

Control and Optimized Management of Grain Drying in Forced-Aerated Bins

In the chapter, both informational and system-based approaches have been applied to the analysis of grain drying process as an interaction of two systems, namely, “drying agent” and “grain layer.” It made it possible to evaluate the information content of the process. Analytic expression has been obtained for grain layer informational entropy variations which enabled to make the conclusion that an adequate physical description of grain drying process has to include ambient air parameters control, as well as that of drying agent's parameters in its exit out of a grain layer, as well as parameters of both drying agent and grain in one point of grain layer. A mathematical model of heat-and-moisture exchange in dense grain layer has to be applied. As a result of modeling, it has been proved that the sensors of both drying agent and grain parameters have to be located at a distance of 10 to 11 cm from the central cylinder of the forced-aerated drying bin.

The length, number, and endodermis area of needles discriminate two genetically distinct populations of Cedrus atlantica Manetti in the Moroccan Middle Atlas

The variation in some adaptive characters of cedar needles was studied in two different regions of the Moroccan Middle Atlas that have different local environmental conditions and levels of genetic diversity. The two populations are localized in the Azrou and Ifrane regions. Tukey’s tests showed that the needle/brachyblast number (Nn/R), length (Nl), and needle width (Nw) showed the greatest variation. In addition, all anatomical characters studied showed a significant correlation with Nw, whereas only the area of the vascular bundles (AVb) was related to Nl. Discriminant analysis revealed that Nn/R, Nl, and the area of the central cylinder (ACc) are high-discriminating characters among populations of Azrou and Ifrane and confirms their isolation. These adaptations of the morphological and anatomical traits of the Atlas cedar needles of the Azrou and Ifrane regions are discussed in relation to the local environmental conditions and have been found to be in harmony with their genetic distinctiveness revealed previously.

STRUKTUR ANATOMI DAN KERAPATAN SEL SEKRESI SERTA AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DARI RIMPANG TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) ASAL KECAMATAN PENGARON KABUPATEN BANJAR KALIMANTAN SELATAN

This study aimed to observe the anatomical structure and density of secretory cells as well as knowing activity of ethanol extract aktioksidan associated with cell density of the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza secretion originating from Sub Pengaron Banjar regency, South Kalimantan. Making preparations rhizome anatomy carried out by using Free Hand Section, the analysis of antioxidant activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil). Observations consisting of rhizome anatomical structure of cells of the epidermis, the cortex, endodermis and the central cylinder. In epidermal cells contained little hair cover, the cortex and central cylinder composed of parenchymal cells, cell secretion and the carrier files. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract obtained from the calculation rhizome Consentrasion inhibition (IC50) ranged from 17.70 to 55.22 ppm. IC50 value of 17.70 ppm rhizome ethanol extract has antioxidant activity 5 times weaker compared to the control of vitamin C (IC50 3.71 ppm) and 3 times weaker than BHT (IC 50 5.57 ppm). At 55.22 ppm IC50 extract has antioxidant activity 15 times weaker compared to the control of vitamin C and 10 times weaker than the BHT. Secretory cell density relationship with the antioxidant activity in test with linear regression analysis showed that there was no relationship between the density of secretory cells per unit area with antioxidant activity in the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza.