Napropamide Adsorption, Desorption, and Movement in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
Normie Buehring ◽  
J. M. Davidson ◽  
P. W. Santelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil columns and soil thin-layer chromatography were used to evaluate the mobility of napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N,-diethylpropionamide] in various soils. The surface-applied herbicide did not move deeper than approximately 6 cm in a Teller sandy loam soil after a water application of 10.2 cm. The Rfvalues for napropamide and two reference herbicides were in the order of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] > napropamide > terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine]. The mobility of each herbicide was reduced with an increase in clay and organic matter content. Carbon-14 ring labeled napropamide was used to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the herbicide in various soils. The Rfvalues obtained with napropamide and each soil agreed with the adsorptive characteristics. Small applications of a muck soil to a sand (2%, w/w) significantly increased herbicide adsorption and decreased herbicide desorption.

Behavior and Fate of Metribuzin in Eight Ontario Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Sharom ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The adsorption, desorption, and mobility of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] in eight Ontario soils were investigated. The distribution coefficients varied from 0.56 for the least adsorptive Fox sandy loam soil to 31.67 for the most highly adsorptive Leamington muck soil. Most of the adsorbed metribuzin was desorbed from the mineral soils after six aqueous extractions, however substantial amounts of the herbicide remained adsorbed on the muck soils after 10 aqueous extractions. The herbicide was relatively mobile in mineral soils but was immobile in the muck soils. Mobility was inversely correlated with the amount of soil organic matter. Bioassay studies indicated that phytotoxicity of metribuzin also decreased with increasing organic matter content of the soil. Persistence of metribuzin was dependent on microbial degradation. In a field study with Guelph loam, the half-life of metribuzin was approximately 3 months.

Flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils as influenced by irrigation timing

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris H. Tingle ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Patrick D. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Loam Soil

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate14C-flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils of varied texture and organic matter content following delays in irrigation. Mobility was evaluated using packed soil columns, 25 cm deep, under unsaturated–saturated flow conditions. Irrigation timings included 0, 3, and 5 d after flumetsulam application. Flumetsulam mobility (defined as the amount collected in leachate) decreased from 45% to no more than 20% of the applied in the Prentiss sandy loam soil when irrigation was delayed 3 or 5 d. With the Okolona soil, flumetsulam recovery in the leachate was 21, 14, and 6%, respectively when irrigation occurred 0, 3, and 5 d after application. Flumetsulam proved to be mobile when irrigation immediately followed application, with 6 to 45% recovered in the leachate from all soils evaluated. The Prentiss soil retained 6% of the applied flumetsulam in the upper 5 cm and the Okolona soil retained 22% when irrigation immediately followed flumetsulam application. When the irrigation interval was delayed at least 3 d, the Okolona soil retained 40% in the upper 5 cm, whereas the Prentiss soil retained 10%. Flumetsulam mobility was dependent on irrigation timing and soil type.

MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN SOIL COLUMNS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GROVER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Water Holding

The movement of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was studied in various Canadian Prairie soils, using soil columns. Picloram was readily leached in all soil types. The movement was greatest in the soil with the lowest organic matter and clay contents, and lowest in black soils that are high in soil organic matter content. It was related, in general, to the adsorptive and water-holding capacities of these soils. The extent of leaching of picloram was also related to the total amount of water applied; the greater the amount o¡ water the greater the downward movement. Increasing the intensity of water increments from 0.25 to 2.5 cm enhanced the movement of picloram in the clay soil but had no effect in the sandy loam. There was little or no difference in the movement of picloram when the herbicide was applied at 2.0 or 0.2 kg/ha, Picloram leached to a greater depth when the sandy loam soil was initially dry than wet and the converse was true for the clay soil. Picloram moved readily upwards when the soil columns were subirrigated.

Persistence and Degradation of Pyrazon in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Smith ◽  
W. F. Meggitt
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Based on bioassays of soil samples from field plots, the rate of disappearance of 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) was estimated with a multiple regression equation. Within a limited geographic region, pyrazon residues were directly related to the organic matter content of soil and inversely related to rainfall during the growing season. The bacteria population increased with the presence of pyrazon in soil at soil temperatures ranging from 4.5 to 29.5 C, indicating a wide capability of microbiological utilization of the herbicide in soil. There was no evidence that soil bacteria or actinomycetes were adversely affected by pyrazon. Thin layer chromatography of ethanol extracts of soil containing 3H-phenyl-labeled and 14C-pyridazinone-labeled pyrazon revealed that pyrazon is dephenylated to 5-amino-4-chloro-3-pyridazinone. In a sandy loam soil, less than 10% of the herbicide was degraded to 5-amino-4-chloro-3-pyridazinone after 10 weeks at 21 C.

Leaching of Oxyfluorfen in Container Media

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Bentgrass was used to bioassay oxyfluorfen in leaching experiments done in columns of soilless potting media and soils, with herbicide incorporated into the upper 2 to 4 cm. Depth of herbicide leaching increased in order in the following soils: peat and sand (1:1) mix, Stockton clay soil, Yolo fine sandy loam soil, and redwood bark and sand (3:1) mix. Depth of leaching was not related to soil organic matter content. Equilibration experiments showed that peat adsorbed 4 to 5 times more oxyfluorfen than redwood bark. Less leaching was observed in potting mixtures containing peat than bark. Raising the oxyfluorfen dose from 20 to 200 ppmw increased the depth of leaching and concentration of herbicide in the leachate, while a 10-fold increase in water volume had only a limited effect. Twenty ppmw of oxyfluorfen incorporated in the top of a peat-containing potting medium has a low risk of leaching out of the container.

Mobility of Dicamba, Picloram and 2,4-D in Soil Columns

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
General Order ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
Acid Herbicides

The movement of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was studied in five Canadian prairie soils using soil columns. The three acid herbicides showed the following general order of decreasing mobility in the five soils: Asquith sandy loam > Indian Head loam > Regina heavy clay > Weyburn Oxbow loam > Melfort loam, thus indicating an inverse relationship between adsorption and mobility. In general, the distribution coefficients (kd) were comparable to the corresponding Freundlich constants (k) and these were significantly related to the soil organic matter content, to a lesser extent to soil pH, and not correlated with soil clay content. The maximum concentrations of all three herbicides in the column effluents were well below their respective water solubilities and were inversely related to the distribution coefficients. The calculated values for the amounts of precipitation required to leach the three herbicides to a depth of 10 cm showed the following order of mobility: dicamba > picloram > 2,4-D.

Adsorption and Degradation of Chlorbromuron in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Freundlich Equation ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Capacity Degradation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The adsorption-desorption equilibria of chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] in soil conformed to the Freundlich equation. Values of the constants,kandn, ranged from 4.2 to 12.3 and from 1.2 to 2.5, respectively, in eight soils. No significant linear correlation was detected between the Freundlich k values and soil texture, organic-matter content, pH, or water-holding capacity. Degradation studies were conducted using14C-carbonyl-radiolabeled chlorbromuron in soil incubated at 18 or 32 C, with and without prior autoclaving, and with and without glucose enrichment. Degradation was enhanced by the higher temperature and glucose amendment, and it was retarded by autoclaving. Thin-layer chromatography indicated no accumulation of the monomethyl or monomethoxy derivative of chlorbromuron in any of the treatments. Chlorbromuron degraded rapidly in the incubation studies. Rapid loss of phytotoxicity was also noted in a greenhouse study with cucumber (cucumis sativusL. ‘Explorer’) bioassay. Phytotoxicity from 4 ppmw chlorbromuron had diminished to a very low level after 12 weeks.

scholarly journals Adsorption-Desorption of Hexaconazole in Soils with Respect to Soil Properties, Temperature, and pH

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maznah Zainol ◽  
Halimah Muhamad ◽  
Ismail Bin Sahid ◽  
Idris Abu Seman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The effect of temperature and pH on adsorption-desorption of fungicide hexaconazole was studied in two Malaysian soil types; namely clay loam and sandy loam. The adsorption-desorption experiment was conducted using the batch equilibration technique and the residues of hexaconazole were analysed using the GC-ECD. The results showed that the adsorption-desorption isotherms of hexaconazole can be described with Freundlich equation. The Freundlich sorption coefficient (Kd) values were positively correlated to the clay and organic matter content in the soils. Hexaconazole attained the equilibrium phase within 24 h in both soil types studied. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) values obtained for clay loam soil and sandy loam soil were 2.54 mL/g and 2.27 mL/g, respectively, indicating that hexaconazole was weakly sorbed onto the soils due to the low organic content of the soils. Regarding thermodynamic parameters, the Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) analysis showed that hexaconazole adsorption onto soil was spontaneous and exothermic, plus it exhibited positive hysteresis. A strong correlation was observed between the adsorption of hexaconazole and pH of the soil solution. However, temperature was found to have no effect on the adsorption of hexaconazole onto the soils; for the range tested.

EFFECTS OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND AMENDMENTS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN SOILS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extractable Zn

In a soil incubation experiment with different rates of Zn, the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA, 1 M MgCl2, and 0.01 M CaCl2 increased with an increase in the organic matter content of a neutral sandy loam soil and with alfalfa added as an organic amendment. Addition of muck and peat increased the amount of Zn exchanged with 1 M MgCl2 but decreased the amount soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2, whereas addition of clay increased the amount of exchangeable Zn but decreased the amounts in the DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts. Liming of an acid sandy loam soil (pH 4.9) to about the neutral point reduced the amounts of extractable Zn markedly. A pretreatment of the soils with phosphate almost invariably increased the amounts of extractable Zn. In a corresponding pot experiment, the highest rate of Zn (250 ppm) reduced the yield of corn slightly, prevented the growth of lettuce, and reduced the yield of alfalfa markedly when these crops were grown successively in the acid soil. The concentration of Zn reached levels of 792 ppm in the corn and 702 ppm in the alfalfa. Addition of 50 ppm Zn to the acid soil restricted the growth of lettuce and increased the concentration of Zn to 523 ppm. Despite discrepancies, the concentrations of Zn in the plants as influenced by soil organic matter, organic amendments and liming were usually in accord with the amounts of Zn extracted from the soils. But the P pretreatment tended to decrease the concentration of Zn in corn and lettuce. The mean weight concentrations of Zn in the three species were correlated significantly with the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA (r = +0.73), 1 M MgCl2 (r = +0.93) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (r = +0.90).

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