Response of Soybeans (Glycine max) and Four Broadleaf Weeds to Reduced Irradiance

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Stoller ◽  
Randy A. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Respiration ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Growth Irradiance ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

Experiments were conducted to determine adaptation characteristics to reduced irradiance of velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, eastern black nightshade, tumble pigweed, and soybean. Plants were grown to the 5- to 8-leaf stage in the greenhouse at ambient radiation (850 μE·m–2·s–1), and 26 and 13% of ambient radiation. Tumble pigweed, a C4plant, had the highest light-saturated photosynthetic rates at all growth irradiances, while common lambsquarters had the highest rates of the four C3species. All species adjusted to reduced irradiance by decreasing light-saturated photosynthesis, leaf respiration rates, root:shoot ratios, and leaf densities, while increasing leaf area ratios (LAR)3. As growth irradiance was reduced, support tissues (roots, stems, and petioles):leaf ratios did not change for common lambsquarters or velvetleaf, increased for soybean, and decreased for eastern black nightshade and tumble pigweed, indicating superior adaptation of the latter two species for efficient light harvesting at reduced growth irradiances. Of these five species, eastern black nightshade had the lowest respiration rate, the highest LAR, and the lowest support:leaf ratio for optimum adaptation to shaded environments.

Postemergence Weed Control with CGA-277476 and Cloransulam-Methyl in Soybean (Glycine max)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Nelson ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Treatment Tank ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate postemergence (POST) soybean injury and weed control with CGA-277476 and cloransulam-methyl alone and in tank mixtures. In the field, visible soybean injury was 12 to 14% from CGA-277476 and 9 to 13% from cloransulam-methyl 7 d after treatment. Tank mixtures of either herbicide with acifluorfen or acifluorfen plus thifensulfuron were more injurious than CGA-277476 or cloransulam-methyl applied alone. Both CGA-277476 and cloransulam-methyl reduced velvetleaf dry weight 82%, and cloransulam-methyl reduced common ragweed dry weight 92%. Neither herbicide adequately controlled common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, nor eastern black nightshade. The addition of acifluorfen to the spray solution improved common ragweed, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and eastern black nightshade control with CGA-277476 and improved common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and eastern black nightshade control with cloransulam-methyl. Tank mixing thifensulfuron with CGA-277476 or cloransulam-methyl increased common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed control. In the greenhouse, CGA-277476 at 20 g ai/ha reduced velvetleaf dry weight 98%, and 79 g/ha was required to reduce common ragweed dry weight 93%. Cloransulam-methyl at 4.4 g ai/ha reduced velvetleaf dry weight 98% and common ragweed dry weight 94% at 8.8 g/ha. Chlorimuron reduced yellow nutsedge dry weight more than CGA-277476 or cloransulam-methyl. Antagonism of POST graminicide activity by CGA-277476 was grass species and graminicide related. CGA-277476 reduced giant foxtail control by clethodim but not by quizalofop. Cloransulam-methyl tank mixed with clethodim or quizalofop controlled giant foxtail.

Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Myers ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Dennis D. Calvin ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Verification ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A 2-yr experiment assessed the potential for using soil degree days (DD) to predict cumulative weed emergence. Emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in undisturbed plots. Soil DD were calculated at each location using a base temperature of 9 C. Weed emergence was fit with logistic regression for common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade. Coefficients of determination for the logistic models fit to the field data ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 for the eight weed species. Common ragweed and common lambsquarters were among the earliest species to emerge, reaching 10% emergence before 150 DD. Velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail were next, completing 10% emergence by 180 DD. The last weeds to emerge were large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade, which emerged after 280 DD. The developed models were verified by predicting cumulative weed emergence in adjacent plots. The coefficients of determination for the model verification plots ranged from 0.66 to 0.99 and averaged 0.90 across all eight weed species. These results suggest that soil DD are good predictors for weed emergence. Forecasting weed emergence will help growers make better crop and weed management decisions.

Total Postemergence Weed Control in Imidazolinone-Resistant Corn (Zea mays)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Krausz ◽  
George Kapusta
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field experiments were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed control in imidazolinone-resistant corn with postemergence applications of imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. Imazethapyr controlled 100% of redroot pigweed, jimsonweed, and eastern black nightshade. Control of fall panicum with imazethapyr was inconsistent, with control ranging from 42 to 85%. Imazethapyr provided less than 55% control of common lambsquarters and 43% of large crabgrass. Imazethapyr plus either atrazine, 2,4-D, or dicamba increased control of common lambsquarters compared to imazethapyr alone. Fall panicum control was > 95% with nicosufluron. CGA-152005 and MON 12000 did not control eastern black nightshade. In 1995, corn yield was greater with the hand-weeded check compared to all herbicide treatments. The greatest return over herbicide cost with imazethapyr was obtained with imazethapyr plus atrazine. Nicosulfuron plus CGA-152005 provided the greatest return over herbicide cost when averaged across years.

Effect of Soybean (Glycine max) Interference on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Quakenbush ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Soybean Canopy

When grown without soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] interference, eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.) planted in May produced as many as 7000 berries and 800000 seeds per plant. Eastern black nightshade planted in mid-July produced as many as 100 berries, but those planted in mid-August failed to produce berries. Eastern black nightshade produced less than 85 berries per plant when planted with soybeans in May, 0 to 3 berries per plant when planted into soybeans in June, and no berries when planted into soybeans in July. However, when soybeans were defoliated in July to simulate hail injury, eastern black nightshade that had been planted with soybeans in May produced up to 1600 berries per plant, and those planted into the defoliated soybeans in July produced up to 58 berries per plant. We suggest, therefore, that in vigorously growing soybeans, control of eastern black nightshade emerging in the row would only be required through June to prevent berry production. If, however, the soybean canopy were disturbed by hail or other factors, eastern black nightshade seedlings emerging in late July or early August might produce berries by soybean harvest.

Timing Potato Cultivation Using The Weedcast Model

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Felix ◽  
Jerry Ivany ◽  
George O. Kegode ◽  
Doug Doohan
Keyword(s):  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Plot Design

A weed emergence prediction model, WeedCast, was used as a decision aid to schedule potato cultivation with and without herbicides at Wooster, OH, USA; Charlottetown, PE, Canada; and Fargo, ND, USA, from 2001 to 2003. Studies were laid out in a split-plot design with herbicides (±) forming the main plots and cultivation timing as subplots. Cultivation was done at 15, 30, or 60% of predicted weed emergence. Subplots were either left unsprayed or treated with metolachlor + metribuzin at 1.68 + 0.5 kg ai ha−1and only cultivated at predetermined timing. Cultivation timing was based on predicted emergence of common lambsquarters at Wooster and Charlottetown, whereas eastern black nightshade was the indicator weed at Fargo. Weed control for the different cultivation timings varied among sites and years and was consistently better in plots where herbicides were followed by cultivation. Cultivation alone resulted in poor weed control and significantly reduced potato tuber yield compared with those in plots where weed control also included herbicides. Use of herbicides followed by cultivation and hilling increased tuber yield by 4.6, 4.3, and 8.7 t ha−1, when cultivations were done at 15, 30, and 60% of predicted weed emergence, respectively, and 12.2 t ha−1for hilled-only plots. The average potato yield increase at Charlottetown was 9.7, 5.9, 6.9, and 7.4 t ha−1for hilled-only plots and for hilled after cultivations at 15, 30, and 60% of predicted weed emergence with herbicides, respectively. There was no apparent pattern for treatment effects at Fargo, and the potato tuber yields were greatly reduced mainly because of excessive precipitation during potato establishment. Use of WeedCast as a decision-aid tool could be an asset in determining when to do the first and subsequent cultivations. It may work best for growers who use cultivations in potato to remove weeds that were not controlled by herbicides.

Time of Emergence of Eight Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
Jean H. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Salsola Kali ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Emergence Patterns

Under irrigated field conditions at Prosser, WA, Russian thistle [Salsola kali(L.) var.tenuifoliaTausch. ♯3SASKR] began to emerge by mid-March each year and usually had completed its emergence by May 1. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. ♯ CHEAL) was the next to appear, usually during the third or fourth week of March. Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), hairy nightshade (Solarium sarrachoidesSendt. ♯ SOLSA), black nightshade (5.nigrumL. ♯ SOLNI), eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthumDun.), and cutleaf nightshade (S. triflorumNutt. ♯ SOLTR) generally began to emerge during the first 2 weeks of April and emergence generally peaked mid-April to mid-May. Russian thistle and cutleaf nightshade had the most restricted emergence patterns, whereas seedlings of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, hairy nightshade, and black nightshade emerged each month from April through September. Shallow tillage at monthly intervals increased the overall emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, black nightshade, and eastern black nightshade; decreased the emergence of barnyardgrass; and had no effect on the emergence of Russian thistle, cutleaf nightshade, or hairy nightshade.

Prediction of Black and Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrumand S.ptycanthum) Growth Using Degree-Days

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E. McGiffen ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Exponential Models ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade

The objectives were to compare the growth of black and eastern black nightshade and develop predictive models for their growth. Black and eastern black nightshade were planted on June 3 and 23, and July 12 in 1988 and May 28, June 17, and July 10 in 1989. Exponential models were strongly correlated with the growth of both species across all planting dates. Eastern black nightshade produced more biomass than black nightshade, although weight of berries was equivalent. Leaf area per plant 60 d after planting was five times greater for eastern black nightshade than black nightshade. Eastern black nightshade responded to self-shading by increasing specific leaf area.

scholarly journals Respons Morfologi dan Anatomi Kecambah Kacang Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merill) terhadap Intensitas Cahaya yang Berbeda (Morphological and Anatomical Responses of The Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) Sprouts to The Different Light Intensity)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Indried Pantilu ◽  
Feky R Mantiri ◽  
Song Ai Nio ◽  
Dingse Pandiangan
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Soybean Plants

Abstrak Pengembangan tanaman kedelai sebagai tanaman sela di bawah tegakan karet, hutan tanaman industri (HTI), atau tumpangsari dengan tanaman pangan semusim lain merupakan alternatif andalan untuk meningkatkan produksi kedelai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati respons morfologi dan anatomi kecambah kacang kedelai pada stadium vegetatif 3 terhadap perbedaan intensitas cahaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan satu faktor tunggal yaitu  intensitas cahaya, dengan tiga taraf perlakuan yaitu P0 (tanpa naungan), P1 (naungan paranet 1 lapis untuk naungan ±50%) dan P2 (naungan paranet 2 lapis untuk naungan ±90%) dalam tiga kali ulangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan satu varietas kacang kedelai. Morfologi tanaman kedelai pada stadium vegetatif 3 dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya. Hasil uji ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan BNT (5%) menunjukkan  tinggi tanaman  pada P2 dua kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tinggi tanaman pada P0; jumlah daun tidak berbeda antara perlakuan P0 dengan P1 dan antara P1 dan P2, tetapi jumlah daun pada P2 lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan jumlah daun pada P0 dan luas daun pada P0 lebih besar dibandingkan dengan luas daun P1 dan P2. Anatomi tanaman kedelai (jumlah, panjang, dan diameter stomata) pada stadium vegetatif 3 tidak dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya. Kata kunci: anatomi, cahaya, kedelai, morfologi, naungan   Abstract Development of soybean plants as a plant stand waiting at the bottom of the rubber, plantation forests (HTI), or intercropped with other annual scropsis an alternative pledge to increase soybean production. This study aimed to observe the morphological and anatomical responses of soybean sprouts at the vegetative stage 3 of the difference in light intensity. The research was conducted using Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with one single factor is the influence of light, with a three-stage treatment of P0(without shade), P1(1 layer paranet shade to shade ± 50%) and P2(2 layers for shading paranet auspices of± 90%) in three replications.This study uses one variety of soybeans. Morphology of soybean plants at the vegetative stage 3 is influenced by light intensity. ANOVA test followed by LSD(5%) plant height at P2 showed two times greater than the height of plants at P0; number of leaves did not differ between treatments P0 with P1 and between P1 and P2, but the number of leaves on P2 more than with the number of leaves on leaf area at P0 and P0 is greater leaf area compared with P1 and P2. Anatomy of soybean plants (number, length and diameter of the stomata) in the vegetative stage 3 is not affected by light intensity. Keywords: anatomy, light, morphology, shade, soybean    

Effect of Soil Disturbance on Annual Weed Emergence in the Northeastern United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Myers ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Mark J. Vangessel ◽  
Brad A. Majek ◽  
David A. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Weed Emergence

A 2-yr experiment evaluated the effect of spring soil disturbance on the periodicity of weed emergence. At four locations across the northeastern United States, emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in both undisturbed plots and plots tilled in the spring with a rotary cultivator. Eight weed species including large crabgrass, giant and yellow foxtail, common lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, eastern black nightshade, common ragweed, and velvetleaf occurred at three or more site-years. Spring soil disturbance either had no effect or reduced total seedling emergence compared with undisturbed soils. Total seedling emergence for large crabgrass, giant foxtail, smooth pigweed, and common ragweed were on average, 1.4 to 2.6 times less with spring soil disturbance, whereas eastern black nightshade and velvetleaf were mostly unaffected by the soil disturbance. The influence of soil disturbance on yellow foxtail and common lambsquarters emergence varied between seasons and locations. Although the total number of emerged seedlings was often affected by the soil disturbance, with the exception of yellow foxtail and common ragweed, the periodicity of emergence was similar across disturbed and undisturbed treatments.

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