Effect of Light on Growth and Development of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens)

Field bindweed and Russian knapweed were grown from seed or rhizome segments under 520, 325, or 236 μmol·m–2· s–1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) to determine vegetative and reproductive response. Flower production in both species declined with decreasing light level. Leaf area of field bindweed decreased as light level decreased, but Russian knapweed leaf area increased as light intensity decreased from 520 to 325 μmol·m–2·s–1PPFD or from 520 to 236 μmol·m–2·s–1. Dry matter of shoots, roots, and rhizomes of field bindweed grown from seed declined as light level decreased, but the only response of plants grown from rhizome segments was complete inhibition of rhizome production. Dry matter of Russian knapweed shoots and roots in plants grown from seed or rhizome segments decreased as light decreased. In both species the total PPFD was more important than whether low or high light level occurred first.

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ACCLIMATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH OF BANANA (MUSA SP.) TO NATURAL SHADE IN THE HUMID TROPICS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479708006364 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 301-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. M. W. K. SENEVIRATHNA ◽

C. M. STIRLING ◽

V. H. L. RODRIGO

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Light Level ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Musa Sp ◽

Shade Acclimation ◽

Photosynthetic Productivity

SUMMARYGrowth and photosynthetic performance of banana (Musa sp.) grown in three levels of natural shade (33, 55 and 77% reduction in incoming radiation) were compared to an unshaded control treatment. Net CO2 assimilation rates generally decreased with increasing shade. Chlorophyll fluorescence revealed short-term dynamic photoinhibition under high light conditions but no evidence of sustained photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II. Dynamic photoinhibition decreased with increasing shade, with the greatest depression in the variable to maximal fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm) occurring in unshaded plants during the middle of the day. Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio increased proportionately with increasing shade, whilst the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased, reflecting a greater efficiency of light utilization under shady conditions. The optimum shade level for photosynthetic productivity would be one at which the level of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) is high enough to saturate CO2 assimilation but low enough to induce shade acclimation and to reduce photoinhibition. Under the conditions studied here, the saturation level of PPFD was around 1000 μmol m−2 s−1, a light level typical of the tree-based intercropping systems in which banana is commonly grown in the tropics.

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Response of Sonia roses to continuous daytime CO2 supplementation under controlled environment conditions

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9880863 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 863 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M Zeroni ◽

J Gale

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Flower Yield ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Water Vapour Diffusion ◽

Flower Quality

Rose plants (Rosa hybrida cv. Sonia, Syn. Sweet Promise) were placed in growth chambers under conditions resembling winter in a controlled environment greenhouse in the desert: mild temperatures, high incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), high air humidity and 10.5 h daylenght. Concentrations of CO2 in the air were maintained throughout the day at 320, 600 or 1200 8l l-1 with approximately 350 8l l-1 at night. Plant growth (length, fresh and gry weight), development (breaks, blindness), flower yield and flower quality (flower bud diameter, fresh weight and cane length) indices were monitored throughout three consecutive flowering cycles. CO2 supplementation caused an increase in leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion, accompanied by a reduction in the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area, Total leaf area increased at higher CO2 concentrations. Water use per plant did not change. Plant water potentials increased with rising CO2 concentrations. Growth, development, flower yield and flower quality were greatly enahnced in the CO2-enriched atmosphere. The response of growth and development to CO2 supplementation tended to decrease slightly with time when calculated per branch, but increased when calculated per plant. Flower yield and qualtiy did not change with time. The highest CO2 treatment resulted in a sustained, approximately 50% increase in yield, and doubling of the above quality indices throughout the three growth cycles.

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The Impact of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Low to Adequate Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on Growth, Physiology and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Juvenile Cacao Genotypes

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11020397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 397 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Virupax C. Baligar ◽

Marshall K. Elson ◽

Alex-Alan F. Almeida ◽

Quintino R. de Araujo ◽

Dario Ahnert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽

Growth Physiology ◽

Nutrient Use ◽

Use Efficiency

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was grown as an understory tree in agroforestry systems where it received inadequate to adequate levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). As atmospheric carbon dioxide steadily increased, it was unclear what impact this would have on cacao growth and development at low PPFD. This research evaluated the effects of ambient and elevated levels carbon dioxide under inadequate to adequate levels of PPFD on growth, physiological and nutrient use efficiency traits of seven genetically contrasting juvenile cacao genotypes. Growth parameters (total and root dry weight, root length, stem height, leaf area, relative growth rate and net assimilation rates increased, and specific leaf area decreased significantly in response to increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD. Increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD levels significantly increased net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency traits but significantly reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. With few exceptions, increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD reduced macro–micro nutrient concentrations but increased uptake, influx, transport and nutrient use efficiency in all cacao genotypes. Irrespective of levels of carbon dioxide and PPFD, intraspecific differences were observed for growth, physiology and nutrient use efficiency of cacao genotypes.

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THE EFFECT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX DENSITY ON CUCUMBER AND TOMATO TRANSPLANTS ASSIMILATIVE INDICES

Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 ◽

10.15544/rd.2015.030 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Aistė Bagdonavičienė ◽

Aušra Brazaitytė ◽

Julė Jankauskienė ◽

Pavelas Duchovskis

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

Positive Effect

The objective of our studies was to evaluate the assimilative indices of cucumber (‘Pasalimo F1’) and tomato (‘Marissa F1’) transplants, cultivated under various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) were provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Experiment was performed in phytotron complex of Institute of Horticulture, LRCAF. A system of high-power, solid-state lighting modules with 92 % 638 nm (red) + 665 nm (red) + 731 nm (far red) and 8 % 447 nm (blue) was used in the experiments. The generated PPFD of each type of five solid-state modules was ~200 and ~400 μmol m-2 s-1. Our experiment revealed that increased net assimilation rate (NAR) depended on increased PPFD of cucumber and tomato hybrid. 400 μmol m-2 s-1 LED illumination had positive effect on relative growth rate (RGR). Cucumbers which were grown under 200 μmol m-2 s-1 had bigger leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA), their development has been bigger as compared to higher 400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. High PPFD LED illumination had positive effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR), shoot root ratio (SRR) and tomato transplants development. These studies with various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and LEDs light should be continued throughout plant vegetation.

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Effect of Corn-Induced Shading on Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution, and Architecture of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500076335 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 568-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Stephane M. Mclachlan ◽

Matthijs Tollenaar ◽

Clarence J. Swanton ◽

Stephan F. Weise

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Architecture ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Branch Number ◽

Dry Matter Distribution ◽

Redroot Pigweed

A fundamental component of modeling crop interference is the effect of understory photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on weed architecture and growth. The effect of decreased PPFD on spaced redroot pigweed dry matter accumulation, distribution, and plant architecture was quantified by increasing corn density and delaying weed planting date. As canopy-transmitted PPFD declined, total dry matter accumulation decreased and relative dry matter distribution was greater to main-stem components than to branch components. Increased rectangularity in understory weed architecture was associated with a concomitant decrease in branch number. The proportion of leaf area and dry matter in the upper segment of the redroot pigweed increased as PPFD declined with increased corn density. Results suggest that changes in plant architecture, as influenced by canopy-transmitted PPFD, may be as important as those of total dry matter and leaf area when describing and predicting the effects of crop-weed interference.

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Effect of Light, Watering Frequency, and Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088421 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 590-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Robert L. Zimdahl ◽

Jingzhu Lin ◽

Armando A. Dall'Armellina

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Water Levels ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Effect Of Light

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine effects of light, water, and chlorsulfuron on growth of Canada thistle. In the greenhouse, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of inflorescences decreased as light and water levels decreased. In the field, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of Canada thistle inflorescences were positively correlated with light intensity from 1832 to 30 μmol m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The greatest effect of light was on inflorescence production which was eliminated at 30 μmol m−2s−1(PPFD). The combined effect of water stress and chlorsulfuron decreased root and shoot growth but did not eliminate it.

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Effects of Density and Species Proportion on Competition between Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500056666 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (4-5) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David T. Patterson

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Mixed Culture ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Biomass Plant ◽

The Impact

Spurred anoda and velvetleaf were grown for 40 days in controlled-environment chambers in monocultures at densities of 2, 4, 8, and 12 plants per 20-cm-diam pot and in mixed culture with all combinations of 2, 4, 8, and 12 plants of each species per pot. The day/night temperature was 29/23 C, and the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 μE m–2s–1. Shoot dry weights and leaf areas of the two species were similar when they were grown in monoculture. However, in mixed culture spurred anoda exceeded velvetleaf in leaf area/plant and shoot weight/plant in 15 out of 16 treatments. Multiple linear regression equations relating shoot biomass/plant to the density of both species in mixed culture were calculated. Comparison of competition coefficients from these equations indicated that the competitive impact of a single spurred anoda plant was equivalent to the impact of 2.5 velvetleaf plants. In mixed culture, spurred anoda always contributed a greater proportion of the total shoot weight and total leaf area per pot than would be predicted from its proportion of the total plant population. These results indicate spurred anoda is competitively superior to velvetleaf.

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PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION OF THE GREENHOUSE TOMATO

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps88-150 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 1209-1218 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

ATHANASIOS P. PAPADOPOULOS ◽

DOUGLAS P. ORMROD

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Greenhouse Tomato ◽

Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽

Leaf Weight

The effect of four equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45 cm) applied to four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’CR-6’) on plant net photosynthesis (P) and transpiration (E) was studied. Closer spacing decreased the leaf-area-based net photosynthesis (Pa) of the lower leaves but had little effect on the Pa of the upper leaves. The exposed parts of a tomato plant could adjust their Pa rates upwards to compensate for the low Pa of their shaded parts. The leaf-weight-based net photosynthesis (Pw) increased with the decrease of plant spacing and it was higher in inside compared to outside plants. The differences between the Pa and Pw results were mostly attributable to the effect of light in increasing the specific leaf weight (SLW). The E rate of plants increased at the closest spacing and there was a higher leaf weight based transpiration (Ew) in inside than outside plants. The leaf area based transpiration (Ea) and stomatal resistance (Rw) were not affected appreciably by light (photosynthetic photon flux density) other than at very low levels (i.e. less than 100 μmol m−2 s−1) where there was a sharp increase in Rw and a corresponding decrease in Ea. The P of plants growing in an environment of gradually declining duration and intensity of solar irradiance declined with the aging of plants. There was no similar effect on E.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, plant spacing, photosynthesis, transpiration, tomato

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(50) Evaluating Low Light Level Effects on Chlorophyll Content and Commercial Quality in Several Species of Bambuseae

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1037b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1037B-1037

Author(s):

Harry G. Simmons ◽

Alisara Menakanit ◽

Surawit Wannakrairoj ◽

Poonpipope Kasemsap

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Light Level ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Light Levels ◽

Foliage Plant ◽

Reduced Light

Bamboo has increasingly become a popular exterior ornamental plant because of its durability, versatility, and evergreen qualities in conditions of extreme temperature and moisture variations. Use as an interior foliage plant has been limited due to the difficulty of finding species adaptable to lower light levels. Nineteen species from seven genera (Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Schizostachyum, Thyrsostachys, and Vietnamosasa) were evaluated. Fifteen plants from each species were potted in like conditions (50% leaf mold; 50% topsoil; 5 g of 14–14–14 controlled-release fertilizer) and grown under a maximum daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) range between 1200 to 2000 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 6 weeks. Chlorophyll content of leaves was measured. The commercial quality of leaves, culms, and general appearance was also recorded. Light was then limited to a maximum PPFD of 150 to 300 μmol m-2s-1 for 6 weeks and all measurements were again recorded. Five species had significant increases in chlorophyll content after the 6-week period of reduced light levels. Species with a larger maturity size had a greater mortality percentage as well as lower quality leaf and overall appearance when grown under reduced light levels. Culm quality remained constant in 18 of the 19 species after the 6-week period. Vietnamosasa ciliata showed the greatest increase in chlorophyll levels as well as highest commercial quality of leaf and overall appearance.

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Spectral Filters Influence Transpirational Water Loss in Chrysanthemum

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.10.999 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 999-1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽

John W. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Loss ◽

Light Quality ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Water Control ◽

Spectral Filters

Transpiration rates of chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] plants grown under spectral filters were evaluated as part of an investigation on using light quality to regulate plant growth. The 6% CuSO4·5H2O spectral filter reduced photosynthetic photon flux density in red (R) and far red (FR) wavelengths and increased the R: FR and blue (B): R ratios (B = 400 to 500 nm; R = 600 to 700 nm; FR = 700 to 800 nm) of transmitted light relative to the water (control) filter. After 28 days, cumulative water use of plants grown under CuSO4 filters was ≈37% less than that of control plants. Transpiration rates were similar among plants grown under CuSO4 and control filters when expressed as leaf area, a result suggesting that the reduced cumulative water loss was a result of smaller plant size. Plants grown under CuSO4 filters had slightly lower (10%) stomatal density than control plants. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filters did not alter the size of individual stomata; however, total number of stomata and total stomatal pore area per plant was ≈50% less in plants grown under CuSO4 filters than in those grown under control filters due to less leaf area. The results suggest that altering light quality may help reduce water use and fertilizer demands while controlling growth during greenhouse production.

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