Women and Health in China: Anatomy, Destiny and Politics

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Zones

ABSTRACTA number of circumstances have combined in the reform era in China to put women at a more disadvantageous position now than at any other time since 1949. Some of them reflect age-old prejudices, others are the result of the economic reforms, but the two join in a synthesis to threaten women's improved status. Health factors that have particularly impinged on women include: the one-child policy and the skewed birth ratio in favour of boys that this has led to; very clear problems in the area of mental health, including a suicide rate which is much higher for women than for men; kidnapping; and life-threatening exploitation in the new special economic zones. The government's desire to control women's fertility, however, has led to a marked improvement and increase in maternity and childcare health services in the last ten years. The central government has lost power to the provinces and is no longer able to take decisive action to protect women from the effects of discrimination.

From the Law of Value Debate to the One-Child Policy in China: On Accounting and Biopolitics

2022 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
Malcolm Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Population Management ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Absolutely Continuous ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Enterprise Reforms

Abstract This article argues that the origins of the one-child policy beginning in 1980 in China, and its development into the current system of “comprehensive population management,” are to be found not in any unfolding of a statist or authoritarian logic, or within the parameters of a nominally “socialist” project, but rather in a return to a properly capitalist set of concerns and governmental techniques, the first iteration of which can be traced to the 1920s and 1930s. With regard to the broad set of economic reforms launched in the period 1979–81, it is argued that the one-child policy is absolutely continuous with other reforms across economic sectors (agricultural responsibility systems and urban enterprise reforms) and discontinuous with anything we might understand as population management in the period 1949–76. The “law of value debate” in 1979, which “resolved” a long-standing set of issues concerning national accounting, planning, and accumulation, is found to be—despite its apparently Marxist character, derivation, and vocabulary—the passage through which a capitalist developmental logic was reintroduced into Chinese governing, with significant consequences.

Façade, Fashion and Fornication: Exploring the Embodiment of Self in Chinese Consumer Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S145-S156
Author(s):  
Aubrey Fowler ◽  
Jie Gao Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Chinese Consumer ◽  
Policy Impacts ◽  
The One

China possesses a growing and powerful consumer culture that is largely made up of urban youth born since 1980. These children, for the most part, have been considerably impacted by two public policies implemented in the reform era after Mao’s death in 1976: the one-child policy and the open-door policy. These two policies have altered this generation’s cultural footprint within the culturally constituted world of China in ways that researchers are coming to realize. In this article, we explore public policy impacts on youth consumer culture as it relates to the body and attempt to provide a path for consumer researchers and international marketing researchers moving forward in their understanding of China and its young consumers.

华北乡村有女儿无儿子家庭的财产继承和赡养, 1949–2014

Rural China ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The One ◽  
Property Inheritance ◽  
Judicial Archives ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
Mao Era

Based on the civil judicial archives of Changli county, Hebei, from 1949 to 1976, the judicial archives of the town of Li (Lizhen), Changli county, from 1992 to 2014, and seven re-investigations of Houjiaying village, which had been surveyed by Japanese Mantetsu researchers in the 1930s and 1940s, this article examines the changing patterns of property inheritance and old-age support of peasant families with only daughters in rural North China from 1949 to 2014, focusing on how the practice of inheritance rights for daughters was gradually formed by the rigid enforcement of the one-child policy and the promulgation of the 1985 Law of Succession. The proportion of peasant families with only daughters has rapidly risen from 15 percent to 20–30 percent due to the enforcement of one-child policy in the 1980s, which led to the abolishing of the old adoption (of a son) system and uxorilocal marriage, both of which had been practiced in the Mao era. Property inheritance in peasant families with only daughters also experienced a huge change from the Mao era to the Reform era. During the Maoist era, parents of peasant families with only daughters always adopted a son or took a son-in-law into their family to inherit their property and support them in their old age. They did so because of the subsistence pressure in families without enough adult male labor to earn sufficient workpoints. During the Reform era, parents of families with only daughters leave their village to live with their daughters in one or another of two patterns. In the first, the parents live with one daughter for the rest of their lives and the daughter who supports them inherits their property. In the second, all the daughters take turns providing support and all eventually inherit equally. This trend shows that because daughters are involved in supporting the parents in old age, the tightly intertwined relationship between property inheritance and old-age support remains unaltered in peasant families with only daughters. 本文使用了河北省昌黎县法院1949–1976年间的民事档案、昌黎县李镇1992年至2014年间的司法所档案，及对李镇侯家营村——满铁重点调查的六个村庄之一——的七次田野调查，探讨了1949年至今华北乡村有女儿无儿子家庭财产继承和赡养的演变。在比例上，因为计划生育政策的严格推行，华北乡村有女儿无儿子家庭从民国时期的15%增加到了当代的20–30%。 从集体化时期到改革开放时期，在财产继承模式上，华北乡村有女儿无儿子家庭的财产继承也经历了巨大的转变，在集体化时期，此类家庭中父母普遍同时采用招赘女婿和过继两种形式，让女婿或继子继承财产。在改革开放时期，在有女儿无儿子家庭中形成了所有女儿均分继承或由一个女儿继承所有财产。在赡养模式上，集体化时期由于以工分为核心的分配体制，使得家庭劳动力特别重要，招赘女婿和过继在社会后果上都增加家庭的男性劳动力，因而可以说是应对生存压力的重要途径，所以集体化时期流行的是赘婿或继子赡养;而改革开放时期华北乡村有女儿无儿子家庭则普遍由所有女儿均承担赡养义务或由一个女儿赡养，父母选择何种方式则和财产继承模式相关。 (This article is in English.)

China's three-children policy will see limited success

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The One

Significance This year it increased the limit to three. The one-child policy has served more to exacerbate than to alleviate demographic problems, leaving China with an ageing population and shrinking workforce much sooner than other countries at this stage of economic development. Impacts Rising infertility will play a part in depressing birth rates. Vested interests and the government's proclivity for social control will prevent the wholesale abolition of family planning. National and local authorities will introduce policies to promote reproduction; not all of them will necessarily be socially liberal.

scholarly journals The Effect of China’s Two-Child Policy on the Child Sex Ratio: Evidence From Shanghai, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 004695802110679
Author(s):  
Di Tang ◽  
Xiangdong Gao ◽  
Jiaoli Cai ◽  
Peter. C. Coyte
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Municipal Level

Objective: The bias towards males at birth has resulted in a major imbalance in the Chinese sex ratio that is often attributed to China’s one-child policy. Relaxation of the one-child policy has the potential to reduce the imbalance in the sex ratio away from males. In this study, we assessed whether the bias towards males in the child sex ratio was reduced as a result of the two-child policy in China. Medical records data from one large municipal-level obstetrics hospital in Shanghai, East China. Design: Matching and difference-in-differences (MDID) techniques were used to investigate the effect of the two-child policy on the imbalance in the sex ratio at birth after matching for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Results: Analyzing 133,358 live births suggest that the relaxation of the one-child policy had a small, but statistically significant effect in reducing the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that relaxation of the one-child policy reduced the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth from 1.10 to 1.05 over the study period at one of the major obstetrics and gynecology hospitals in China.

scholarly journals EFEK KEBIJAKAN SATU ANAK TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN PEREMPUAN DI TIONGKOK: SEBUAH IRONI

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Wabilia Husnah
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
School Work ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The One

In the Chinese tradition that is influenced by the Confusianism, women are seen to have lower positions than men. In such a social system, the One-Child policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping since 1979 as a program to control the population, underpin the inferiority perception upon Chinese women. This article aims analyze the effects of the China’s One Child Policy towards Chinese women’s lives. It is important to understand how Chinese Women live after their lives have been affected by this Policy, in a good or a bad way. The results show that One Child Policy has negative impacts on Chinese women’s lives. It does not only lead to discrimination views againts women, but also indirectly violate a Chinese woman’s social, cultural and economic rights. Criminal cases overshadow the Chinese women, ranging from torture, neglect of children, abortion, illegal adoption, human trafficking, kidnapping, and even prostitution. On the other hand, all criminal cases makes women become “rare “ and “special” objects in China. Ironically, the scarcity of women in China actually cause the higher bargaining power of women. Now in their lives, Chinese women can go to school, work, choosing a spouse, or even file for divorce. Women’s social status in Chinese society has increased now. It means that women also obtain the positive impact of One-Child Policy.Keywords: women, confucianism, the one child policyAbstrakDalam tradisi Tiongkok yang dipengaruhi oleh Konfusianisme, perempuan selalu memiliki posisi lebih rendah daripada laki-laki. Dalam sistem sosial seperti ini, Kebijakan Satu Anak yang diperkenalkan oleh Deng Xiaoping sejak 1979 sebagai program untuk mengontrol populasi, turut mendukung inferioritas wanita Tiongkok. Artikel ini mencoba menganalisis efek Kebijakan Satu Anak di Tiongkok kepada kehidupan perempuan. Sangat penting untuk memahami bagaimana perempuan Tiongkok menjalani hidupnya pascakehidupannya telah dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan ini, dengan cara yang baik maupun yang buruk. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa Kebijakan Satu Anak memiliki dampak negatif dalam kehidupan perempuan. Kebijakan ini tidak hanya menyebabkan pandangan diskriminatif terhadap perempuan, namun juga secara tidak langsung melanggar hak asasi dalam kehidupan sosial, kultural, dan ekonomi perempuan Tiongkok. Kasus kriminal pun membayangi perempuan Tiongkok, mulai dari penyiksaan, pengabaian anak perempuan, aborsi, adopsi ilegal, penjualan manusia, penculikan, bahkan prostitusi.Di lain pihak, semua kasus kriminal ini telah membuat perempuan menjadi objek yang “langka” dan “spesial” di Tiongkok. Ironisnya, kelangkaan perempuan di Tiongkok menyebabkan nilai tawar perempuan menjadi lebih tinggi. Sekarang, dalam kehidupan mereka, perempuan Cina bisa pergi ke sekolah, bekerja, memilih pasangan hidup, bahkan menuntut cerai. Status sosial perempuan dalam masyarakat Tiongkok pun sudah meningkat sekarang. Ini berarti, perempuan Tiongkok juga telah mendapatkan efek positif dari Kebijakan Satu Anak.Kata kunci: perempuan, konfusianisme, kebijakan satu anak

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