The clarification request as a feature of adult interactive styles with young children

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Corsaro
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Consistent Feature ◽  
And Function ◽  
Clarification Request

AbstractThe analysis of videotaped naturally occurring adult—child interaction led to the isolation of the clarification request as a consistent feature of adult interactive styles. The analysis of the form and function of adult clarification requests demonstrated the importance of the interactive demands adults encounter when interacting with young children. The nature of these interactive demands and how adults deal with them are discussed in regard to Cicourel's (1970) notion of interpretive procedures. Finally, a discussion of the possible effects of adult interactive style on the child's development of communicative competence is presented. (Developmental sociolinguistics, conversational analysis, adult—child interaction, US English.)

Development of forms and functions of interrogatives in children: a longitudinal study in Tamil

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Children First ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTThe development of the forms and functions of interrogatives in parent-child interaction in the early stages of language acquisition is discussed with illustrative examples from data relating to two Tamil-speaking children and their parents. The analysis of the data reveals that children first acquire and use intonation questions followed byenga‘where’,enna‘what’ andyaari‘who’. Yes/no questions using the interrogative marker-aaare acquired in the next stage when the children are able to use verb endings. Similarly question words that take case markers are acquired in the next stage. It is emphasized that interrogatives serve a multiplicity of communicative functions and are not restricted to the information-seeking role. Children, when they begin to use interrogatives, model their usage of them on the adult behaviour patterns to which they have been exposed, both in terms of form and function.

Towards a pragmatic approach to the study of languages in contact

Pragmatics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Argente ◽  
Lluís Payrató
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interactive Strategies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Distribution

The study of language contact has been traditionally carried out from a structural perspective (synchronic or diachronic), from a sociolinguistic perspective and/or from a rather psychological perspective, centered on the linguistic and communicative competence of the multilingual individual. However, a great number of linguistic and sociolinguistic topics that appear in language contact situations may be productively tackled from a pragmatic viewpoint. This pragmatic perspective takes into account linguistic use in communication contexts and raises, at a different level, questions that deal with the structures and the evolution of the codes in contact. The main aim of this presentation is the analysis of some of the specific problems that arise in given language contact situations from a pragmatic perspective, considering the adaptation processes of the speakers, their particular interactive strategies and the social meaning generated. Understanding pragmatics in its original sense, i.e. as the study of the relationship between linguistic signs and speakers (users of certain resources), these phenomena should be understood as the result of speakers’ adaptation to changing sociocultural circumstances. This adaptation creates a new distribution of the verbal resources (or linguistic economy) of the community and, consequently, modifies its varieties as far as form and function are concerned.

Analysing metaphor in the family register through scripted sitcom conversations

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-269
Author(s):  
Hanna Skorczynska ◽  
Rosa Giménez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Metaphor Use ◽  
And Function

Abstract This study looks into the patterns of metaphor use in the family register of scripted sitcom conversations. Previous studies of metaphor in conversation adopted different approaches to the concept of register, resulting in a rich but complex picture (Cameron, 2003, 2007, 2008; Deignan, Littlemore & Semino, 2013; Kaal, 2012). This research attempts to reduce such complexity by using an approach to register based on closely defining communicative settings and the participants’ roles (Giménez-Moreno, 2006). In this way, we were able to focus on the register used by family members and close friends and the contexts of private oral communication, as opposed to other possible registers characteristic of professional conversations or those between friends. The study provides data on the frequency, typology, grammatical form and function of the metaphors used in the fictional dialogues between family members and close friends from two British sitcoms, “Gavin & Stacey” and “The Royle Family”. The findings, in general, confirm the patterns of metaphor use in naturally-occurring (UK) conversation, but show lower frequency ranges than other more purpose-oriented contexts. The main contribution of this study is the evaluation of metaphor as an ‘appraisal resource’ (Martin & White, 2005) and its frequent use in assessing the participants’ attitudes. The study suggests that defining register in terms of communicative setting and participants’ roles can help to provide comparable data on metaphor variation.

scholarly journals Screens, Apps, and Digital Books for Young Children: The Promise of Multimedia

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 233285842090149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana G. Bus ◽  
Susan B. Neuman ◽  
Kathleen Roskos
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Digital Books

Just beginning to understand the potentials new technologies might bring to the learning environments of young children, we invited authors to submit articles that investigate multimedia sources and their effect on learning settings. Two main themes emerged—how digitization changes the learning environment and adult-child interaction in particular and which digital affordances enrich digital materials and how these changes affect learning. We finish with “alerts” to further explore more the hidden potentials of new technologies and how routines such as book reading might change and become more effective in some respects.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Form and Function of Naturally Occurring Smiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Hansen ◽  
Jared Martin ◽  
Paula Niedenthal ◽  
Adrienne Wood
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
And Function ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opposite Gender

Through their nuanced ability to reinforce, reassure, and judge, smiles accomplish many tasks in daily interactions. A recent approach proposes that there are at least three distinct types of smiles: reward, affiliation, and dominance, which are predicted to take different physical forms and serve unique functions in social communication. Although American women are socialized to smile more often than men, it is possible that gender differences in smile behavior depend upon social context. For instance, since it is more acceptable for men to convey status, men may produce smiles with more pronounced dominance features than women. Conversely, since women are socialized to convey harmlessness, women may produce smiles with stronger affiliation features than men. To test these hypotheses, we filmed participant pairs interacting while watching humorous videos relevant to the tasks of reward, affiliation, and dominance. We extracted all visible smiles and quantified their physical features using automated face coding software. As expected, female participants smiled more often in the affiliation context and less in the dominance context and displayed smiles with more affiliation features than males overall. Furthermore, participants’ smiles in the dominance context contained more features characteristic of dominance when they were interacting with an opposite-gender partner. This study—the first to examine naturally-elicited smiles in reward, affiliation, and dominance contexts—suggests the relationship between gender and smiling norms is nuanced and depends on the smiler’s communicative intent.

Towards an Operational Definition of Discourse Contrast

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Myhill ◽  
Janet Zhiqun Xing
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Linguists have often invoked the concept of contrast in attempting to explain the use of certain constructions without explicitly defining this term. The present paper proposes an operational definition of contrast which can be applied to naturally occurring data so as to provide a more precise account of the relationship between form and function. The specific problem addressed is word order in Biblical Hebrew and Chinese. It is shown that contrast is one factor affecting deviations from canonical word order in these languages, but that the effect of contrast differs in a number of respects in the two languages, and many deviations from canonical word order cannot be accounted for by reference to contrast.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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